India:- considered a dyarchy, government of india act 1919 allowed the viceroy to retain control of major areas like defence and foreign affairs
-provincial councils run by elected indian ministers took responsibility for local government , health, agri, edu etc
-british regarded reforms as concession to critics of british rule in the indian congress and hoped it would be viewed as a step towards a system of dominion self-government- would weaken popular support for them
The Simon Commission 1929-30:
-under Sir John SImon, recommended that:
-a federal system of government should be created across India, incorporating both provinces under direct British Rule and the Princely states
-the provinces be given more power
-defece, security foreign affairs should remain in hands of a british viceroy
The Round Table Conferences 1930-1931
-opposition from the independence movement in India
-Gandhi, independence leader, unable to attend, represented the congress party in second
-british rejected self-governing dominion status because of doubts about competence of non-white leaders and India's strategic importance to Britain
Government of India act 1935:
-created a federation of India by:
-making provinces completely self-governing (viceroy could suspend in emergencies)
-expanding franchise from 7 to 35 million
-the act was opposed by congress because it fell short of the independence the white dominions enjoyed
-princely states rejected a federal India
-1947- it was clear british colonial policy had failed- india independent state