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WAR IN ASIA PACIFIC chap 6 - Coggle Diagram
WAR IN ASIA PACIFIC chap 6
First Sino-Japanese War
Japan took advantage of the weaknesses of Qing Dynasty.
1894: Japan victory over China for control over Korea peninsula
1895: Treaty of Shimonoseki -> China forced to give up Korea and Taiwan to Japan
Japanese govt. was unsuccessful in trying to rule Korea indirectly through the Korean royal family as they insisted on independence -> 1910 : Japan annexed Korea
emboldened Japan
LON was weak -> did not stop Japan
proved that Japan had the ability to control territories
more resources ->
Korea : cotton & wool
Taiwan : sugar -> more trade
more land -> settled Japanese immigrants in Korea & confiscated land for farming
Twenty-one Demands
Japan and western powers were interested in Japan for its large territory, availability of manpower and potential for economic activities
Japan delivered an ultimatum to China
Japan's demands :
1) Chinese recognition of Japanese ambitions in Manchuria
2) special rights for Japanese mining companies in China
3) China to cease its lease of territory to foreign powers
4) decisive voice in finance, policing and govt. affairs in China
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Russian empire secured a permanent ice-free port, Port Arthur + military and naval base in Manchuria
Japan see this as a threat to its interest and influence in Korea
Japan offered to accept Russian influence in Manchuria if Russia accepted Japanese influence in Korea
Russia rejected as they thought Japan was inferior to the WP
Japan angry -> declared war on Russia
1905 : Japan victory
Treaty of Portsmouth : Japan gained control of Liaodong peninsula, South Manchurian Railway and southern half of the Sakhalin Island
emboldened Japan
proved that Japan could defeat a WP
gave Japan confidence to advance into Asia Pacific to further achieve its goal of equality with the WP
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
Britain recognised Japan's interest in Korea, Japan recognised Britain's interest in India. Both were interested in China
confirmed Japan's status as an imperial power over Korea
gave Japan confidence
American racism against the Japanese
USA wanted to protect its economic interests & prevent the Chinese, Korean and Japanese from competing for jobs
1882 : Chinese Exclusion Act -> suspended Chinese immigration
1905 : Japanese and Korean Exclusion League
Japan was greatly offended
determined to prove that they were not inferior to WP
Paris Peace Conference (1919)
Japan demanded for racial equality to be included in the covenant of the LON
the proposed clause called for the equality of all foreign immigrants to countries in the League, regardless of race or nationality
Britain and Australia rejected -> no unanimous agreement
Japan felt disrespected
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
USA called for reduction of naval forces of the major powers
Japan had to reduce to one third of USA and Britain
Japan felt that it was biased and unfair
crises in Japan
shortage of food and lack of land
Japan's population grew from 45 million in 1900 to 64 million by 1930
demand > supply + traditional farming methods were labour-intensive and slow -> inefficient + insufficient land for farming
Great Depression (1929)
USA and Britain practised protectionism to shield their economy
imposed restrictions and taxation on Japanese imports
lose of market for Japan as Japanese goods became more expensive in USA and Britain
decreased revenue -> economic depression
Japan had to expand into Asia Pacific to obtain more resources and land + larger market for its goods
Mukden Incident (18 Sep 1931)
the Japanese-owned railway near Mukden was bombed
Japan blamed Chinese Nationalists, took advantage of this
19 Sep 1931 : full-scale invasion of Manchuria
China was occupied with Civil War at that time
Sep 1932 : Japan signed treaty with Manchuria to form Manchukuo, placed it under Japanese military control
the LON refused to recognise Manchukuo, condemned Japan as an aggressor
Japan withdrew from the LON -> LON was unable to enforce its decisions on Japan -> can't do anything to stop Japan
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937)
Japanese troops claimed to be training near Marco Polo Bridge outside Beijing
Japan fired shots, China felt security threat and returned fire in defence
Japan accused China of capturing one of their soldiers -> demanded for a search in China
China finally relented and allowed only 1 Japanese soldier to conduct the search with the Chinese
However, Japan forced their way into China
full scale invasion of China
initially, WP were unwilling to be involved
realised the extent of Japanese violence only when the Nanking Massacre was made known internationally
1 more item...
gained raw materials for industrialisation, market for Japanese products, cheap manpower, land for farming and housing, defend Japan's interest in Korea
USA's condemnation on Japan
President Roosevelt spoke of the need to "quarantine" aggressor nations
1939 : USA cancelled the 1911 commercial treaty with Japan -> restrictions on trade
1940 when Japan invaded Vietnam, USA imposed a trade embargo on Japan banning export of steel, scrap iron and oil to Japan
Japan's oil reserves was running out -> needed oil for war efforts and industrialisation
1939 : war in Europe -> British and French forces in SEA was weak as forces were concentrated in Europe
SEA left defenceless -> rich in oil + colonies were weak targets
prompted Japan to launch a quick "knockout" blow
Japan thought that they could convince USA to negotiate a peace settlement