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Spain: The Bourbon Restoration, image , image , image , image -…
Spain: The Bourbon Restoration
The First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874
After a military uprising which proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain
The person behind the Bourbon Restoration was the politician Cánovas del Castillo
The reign of Alfonso XII and the regency of María Cristina
The reign of Alfonso XII was a period of political stability for Spain
There were no more military uprisings
He economy grew under the stabilising impact of the new political system set up by Cánovas del Castillo
The Constitution of 1876 recognised a constitutional monarchy as the only legal form of government
And shared sovereignty between the monarch and the Cortes
Bipartisanship was established
A system of two alternating official political parties
Caciquismo in rural areas allowed elections to be manipulated
And guaranteed the victory of the party previously chosen by the government
There was opposition from republicans, anarchists and socialists, who were excluded from politics by this system
The areas of nationalism and regionalism
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885
Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta signed the Pact of El Pardo, an agreement to support the regency of María Cristina of Austria
Regionalism and nationalism were a response to the centralism of the Canovist system
Defended the particular characteristics of each region
Basque nationalism
Galician nationalism
Catalan nationalism
Andalusian regionalism
The disaster of 98
The causes of development of the conflict
The war was caused by the following factors
The demands of the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie for political autonomy
the rejection of the demands of the Creole bourgeoisie by the dominant Spanish class
The colonial economy favoured the sale of their products
The two sides met in conflict during the Cuban War
The pro-independence forces were led by José Martí
Spain signed the Treaty of Paris
The consequences of defeat
The disaster of ´98 had important repercussions
The demoralisation of the Spanish people due to the loss of human life and the disastrous action of the Spanish government
The appearance of regenerationism, an intellectual and critical movement, led by Joaquín Costa
The economic crisis caused by the loss of the colonial market
The involment of the United States
The United States was the biggest buyer of Cuban sugar and tobacco
The United States Government offered to buy the island from Spain
The reign of Alfonso XIII
When Alfonso XIII became king in 1902
He was faced with a series of problems which eventually led to the end of the constitutional monarchy
Established by his father Alfonso XII
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876 was still in effect
But the system of alternating governments began to collapse due to internal divisions in both parties
Other parties were increasing their members and political activity
the socialist Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)
Which advocated the access of the working class to political power
The socialist left divided and the Partido Comunista Español (PCE) was formed
Republican parties
Which advocated the establishment of a republic
Regionalist parties which advocated autonomy for their region
Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya (LRC)
The development of the workers' movement
During the reign of Alfonso XIII, the workers' movement continued to fight for better working conditions
The trade unions supported and coordinated the movement
In particular the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
They achieved some important concessions, including
The creation of a pension system for retired workers
New laws to regulate female and child labour
An eight-hour working day and six-day working week
Legal recognition for trade unions
War in Morocco
Following the Disaster of 98 and the loss of its last colonies
The Spanish government decided to regain international prestige by trying to obtain new territories
Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco
Spain's presence in Morocco was opposed by the local population, which led to the outbreak of war (1909–1927)
The war had negative consequences for Spain
Tragic Week (1909
Spanish reservists were sent to the war in Morocco
In Barcelona there was a popular protest led by workers and families of soldiers
Annual disaster (1921)
Spanish troops were defeated at Annual in Morocco, and many soldiers lost their lives
The military problem
The government was overthrown by a military coup in 1923
The coup was led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera and approved of by the king
