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C7 - Final Mocks - Coggle Diagram
C7 - Final Mocks
L2 - F-Distillation
The fractions obtained through FD can be used to produce feedstocks and materials for the petrochemical industry.
Shorter chain hydrocarbons will vaporise first as there are weaker intermolecular forces between covalently bonded polymer chains.
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Fractions: Naptha, bitumen, petrol, diesel oil, heavy fuel oil and kerosene.
Materials produced by the petrochemical industry: solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents.
L6 - Alcohols
Alcohols with comparable relative molecular masses to alkanes are liquid while the alkanes are gas at room temperature; this is because of their strong hydrogen bonds.
Alcohol can be produced through the fermentation of yeast (anaerobic respiration) or the hydration of alkenes.
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Methanol and ethanol are mixed to make a fuel; methanol is used as a raw material to produce produces such as plastics, solvents and drugs.
Sodium will produce a less vigorous reaction with alcohol than it will with water (fizzes slowly and produced hydrogen).
L7 - Carboxylic Acid
Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol will produce an ester and water (an acid catalyst). This reaction is reversible. The carboxylic acid will lose a hydroxide while the alcohol will lose a hydrogen.
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The functional group for carboxylic acids is COOH. This is a carbon a double oxygen bonds and a single hydroxide bond.
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L1 - Alkanes
Crude oil is formed from the remains of ancient biomass buried in mud; consisting mostly of plankton.
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L10 - Amino Acids
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Because amino acids have two different functional groups, they can react to form a condensation polymer and a molecule of water (OH from carbox and H from amine).
The resulting polymer from the reaction of glycine(an amino acid) is known as a polypeptide. When react DIFFERENT amino acids into the same chain, we form a polymer known as a protein.
L4 - Cracking
Alkenes are capable of turning bromine water colourless, alkanes are not.
Steam or catalytic cracking converts a longer and less useful alkane into a shorter, more useful alkane and an alkene.
L11 - DNA
DNA encodes the genetic instructions that living organisms need to develop and function. DNA consists of two polymer chains made from monomers known as nucleotides (GATC).
- Proteins: Polymers of amino acids
- Starch: Polymers of glucose
- Cellulose: Polymers of glucose
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L5 - Alkenes
- [Bromination] - Room temp and pressure
- [Hydration] - 300 degrees, 60 atm with silica catalyst to form an alcohol
- [Hydrogenation] - Room temp, pressure and platinum catalyst to form an alkane
L8 - Addition Polymers
Addition polymerisation takes one monomer reactant to form only one product. It has an atom economy of 100%.