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Elizabeth I 1558-1603 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Able bodied
        
        those capable of work- encouraged or forced to work to prevent them from being vagrants or beggars
      - impotent
        
        those unable to work due to age, handicap or infirm- needed support from community
  - - - fear of vagrant class as allowed whipping, boring through ear and death penalty for 3rd offence
      - showed gov awareness plight of poor not always their fault
      - severe penalties against vagrants- JPs keep register of poor in parish and raise poor rate to provide shelter for elderly and sick
      - help find work for people or provide poor relief if not possible financed by contribution from those in work
    - - House of corrections set up to punish those who refuse work- beggars set to work
      - JPs required to buy raw materials to provide work for those who were able- keep them profitably employed
      - able bodied poor directed by JPs to find work- those refusing sent to house of correction
      - Gov encouraged local communities to lay in corn stocks to provide for the poor when harvests failed
    - - compulsory contributions to poor relief- overseers of poor appointed by parish to help organised poor relief
      - punishment for vagrancy- whipping and ear bored for first offence- then criminal charge
      - distinction between idle poor and genuine unemployed
      - some classes of people excluded from punishment- deserving poor
    - - tools and materials provided for those able to work
      - Children to be apprenticed to a trade
      - Each county had to have at least 1 house of correction to which persistent beggars could be sent
      - compulsory poor rate and setting up pauper apprenticeships to train boys until 24 and girls until 21
      - more houses of correction built and vagrants treated harshly
      - Impotent poor to be provided for in almshouses and poorhouses
    - - Max wages fixed and set by JPs- offence to pay more than prescribed
      - 7 year apprenticeship compulsory in all urban crafts- to maintain high standards of craftsmanship
      - all men aged 12-60 obliged to find employment and not move from it without permission
      - trying to create employment and tie man to one trade showed gov idea that unemployment meant vagrancy, and social unrest
    - - Rising population and war with spain led to high tax and disrupted trade- plus series of bad harvests pushed price of corn up by 80%
      - Riots broke out in London, Oxfordshire and Norfolk
      - finance raised through compulsory poor rate paid by inhabitants of each parish
      - Based on earlier acts of 70s and experiments to cope with poverty carried out by towns such as Norwich
      - 4 overseers appointed to supervise admin of poor relief- were to secure apprenticeship for children, employment/materials for adults and build hospitals for old and sick
    - - If people refused to make contributions, could be taken to court or imprisoned
      - effectiveness of local measures that persuaded gov to follow suit and require local authorities to appoint a special collector of alms
    - - Rogues to be whipped before being returned to their own parishes
      - enabled authorities to contain poverty and vagrancy- therefore reduce likelihood social unrest that threatened political stability
      - JPs establish houses of correction for rogues and vagabonds
    - - Earlier laws brought together and reissued with amendments
      - remained basis of england's treatment of poor until 1834
  - - - Duke of northumberland nad Mary stopped debasement, initiated financial reforms and renegotiated loans
      - Liz wanted to bring about economic and social stability by increasing customs revenues, regulating labour, wages and apprenticeships and kept level of foreign borrowing down
      - religious settlement heralded new ear of peace and prosperity- religious wars in France and Nethers brought skilled refugees who established new industries e.g glass and paper making
      - Population began to rise- increased urban poverty but gov responded with system of poor relief
    - - 40% urban population unskilled labourers
      - whether individuals prospered depended on the town they lived in, social class and means of income
      - 10% of population lived in towns
      - merchants lived off profits from trade, and in towns with thriving ports e.g Hull they amassed large fortunes to rival the gentry
      - towns experienced periods of intense poverty that gov implemented poor relief
      - Urban poor destitute group included unemployed, tenants evicted from homes in countryside, former soldiers/sailors and ex-monastic servants
      - most towns grew as they had economic function- largest towns had been given royal charters to adminster criminal and civil jurisdiction on behalf of crown at local level
    - - wealth depended on land ownership
      - close links between wealth and social status
      - South east most prosperous part of country- London wealthiest urban centre
    - - income in countryside based on rent from land and profits from sale of agricultural produce- unskilled labourers paid to work on other people's land
      - Employment opportunities in woollen industry- spinning and weaving
      - by end of 16th century price of cereals increased 6/7 times
      - inflation led to rising prices, rents and wages. wages in countryside failed to keep pace with prices
      - debasement and silver bullion accelerated the increase in prices- imbalance between supply and demand due to increasing population
      - rapid increase in price of wheat and consumables meant people in countryside had to resort to bartering to acquire food
    - - Increased during times of warfare, inflation, plague and famine
      - led to increase in gov legislation- Poor laws
      - 10% people in countryside and 20% in towns lived in absolute poverty
      - half of families labouring poor- received 20% of nation income
    - - Exploited growing number of poor looking for work by paying low wages
      - some towns benefited from london's growth- newcastle provided it with coal and manchester sent all its cloth there
      - Could weather slumps in cloth trade by developing new trade routes to Americas and East Indies
      - many towns expected to lose trade to london flourished e.g Exeter and Bristol
      - london 4x bigger than next largest town and merchants far wealthier than any others in the kingdom
      - to grow towns had to offer broad spectrum of trades and services or specialise in a single economic activity
      - in 1590s 93% of cloth exports went through London
    - - enclosure disliked as had no legal claim to land they rented so could either face eviction or increase in rent they can't afford
      - those evicted looked for alt employment in villages but if not had to move to towns- gov alarmed by growth in no. of urban poor
      - pasture farming lower overheards than arable farming where landlords had to meet costs of labourer's wages
      - criticised during economic pressure- blamed enclosure fo social ills, unemployment, vagrancy and decline in law and order
      - increase in demand for food, mostly from urban areas- landlords could only do intensive farming methods where land was enclosed
- - - - nod to cath with rules what priests should wear to conduct services- protestants felt words mattered not what preacher wore
      - Judged that most were less concerned with theological disputes over what went on during communion-would accept introduction protestant ideas of worship but changes to appearance a problem
      - may 1559- rules of appearance of church- altar replaced with protestant communion table, cath crosses and candles placed on it
      - attendance at church compulsory- failing to attend fined and money distributed to poor. Attendance at catholic mass serious offence with heavy fine
    - - Compromise between what catholics and protestants wanted to hear when they worshipped
      - For catholics- priest transformed bread to christs body and wine to blood- anyone consuming taking god's presence into themselves allowing cleansing of sin and spiritual renewal
      - way services conducted- 1559- fusion of 2 prayer books from E6- amalgamated moderate language of 1549 book and protestant words in the 1552 book
      - Protestants believed bread and wine symbols of christs presence- could be used for moment of great intensity for the celebrant
    - - change of leaership and england 2 archibishops of canterbury and york- same as Catholic time
      - this form of organisation didn't appear in protestant churches in europe
      - little change
    - - every church had to display a bible written in english
      - pilgrimages outlawed
      - preachers to be licensed by a bishop before they could preach- had to preach once a month or lose their license
      - condemn images, relics and miracles
      - 57 instructions followed act of parliament
      - marry only with the permission of their bishops and 2 JPs
    - - may 1559
      - re-established english monarch as head of church- liz chose to be titled Supreme governor
      - status same as H8+E6 but less controversial than supreme head-satisfied those who regarded pope as rightful head
      - churchmen to swear oath of loyalty
      - to ensure leadership accepted at local level- Court of High commission persecute those whose loyalty was suspected
      - imposed oath on all clergy and office holders to enforce comformity to the new Prayer book
      - revived legislation repealed during mary's reign- revoked heresy and papal supremacy
    - - Definitive statement of what Anglicanism meant
      - 39 articles of faith- published 1563 made law in 1571- still remains essential statement of belief in CofE today
      - welded togethr parts of Protestant and catholic traditions that was acceptable to as many people as possible
  - - - 400 clergy lost or resigned because they wouldn't accept the settlement- all catholic bishops appointed by mary dismissed- minimal compared to 800 fled in mary
      - this gave liz opportunity to make new appointments with leadership enthusiastic about her reforms
      - some minister ignored new book of common prayer and continued catholic form of worship
      - Survey of Justices of Peace 1564 found only half of them could be relied on actively to support the settlement
      - Strongest reaction against the financial side and what priests wore to conduct services
      - 1559 Act of exchange- liz allowed to take over property belonging to bishops and force them to rent land to her- used as threat to keep bishops in line critical of the settlement
    - - 1559 phil offered to marry liz- hoped to keep open hopes of catholicism in england
      - Phil also ruled Netherlands- vital for trade- 1563 he banned import of english cloth to netherlands
      - Phil n Pope didn't see changes as permanent and hoped liz could be persuaded to return to the Church of Rome
      - said was to protect them from infection by plague from england but it reflected annoyance of trade being in england's favour for a while, liz's ignoring of piracy in the channel and english merchants spreading protestant ideas in the Netherlands
      - France and Spain catholic and could pose threat to settlement- however france too absorbed in civil war and Phil prepared to give liz benefit of doubt
      - liz responded by banning all imports from the Netherlands but both backed down and normalised trade relations 1564
  - - - attempts to introduce bills to parliament dismissed by Catholic bishops appointed by Mary- objected to bringing back prayer book of 1552 and prospect of church headed by a woman
      - 1559 debate between clergy showed catholic bishops didn't support liz's authority over them- Liz arrested and imprisoned 2
      - dec 1558 proclamation there should be no preaching- enforced jan 1559
      - after easter, legislation easier to pass through- liz put pressure on nobles and imprisoning 2 catholic bishps helped pass legislation
      - high expectation from protestants and catholics
    - - England still war with France so couldn't rely on support from Spain
      - North of England Catholic and Scotland remained allied to the French as were catholic. Queen of Scotland next in line to English throne and married to King of France
      - 1559 Cateau Cambresis between France and Spain- ended military action against France
    - - believed man is saved by faith alone
      - scriptures only true authority- man could approach god directly through prayer
      - Eucharist bread and wine not transformed into body and blood of christ-physically present to those who had faith- consubstantiation
      - authority over the church given to the lay ruler
    - - Zwingli
        
        communion commemorative in remembrance of last supper
        
        christian communities had to follow law of god as revealed in the bible
        
        altars replaced by tables and bread carried to congregation by ministers in ordinary dress
    - - accepted lutheran justification by faith alone but added predestination- believed man had fallen from grace that only god had power to decide who was saved
      - between luther's belief in christs physical presence at eucharist and zwingli's of the communion as commemorative
      - calvinist churches plain and free of images- only acceptable sacraments baptism and communion
      - calvinist church and state were separate bodies but co-operation between the 2 was desirable
  - - - didn't mention doctrine as only sought to establish national and legal framwork for new church
      - left confusion and disappointed protestant reformers who hoped for vigorous theological debate leading to a statement of belief
    - - shortage of properly trained clergy due to financial issues and religious confusion- liz forced to appoint protestant bishops due to loss of leading catholic bishops
      - new bishops compelled to accept poorly trained clerics- meant physical and spiritual life of church was approaching poverty
    - - vital in determining attitude of english catholics and policies of european catholic powers e.g france and spain- expected he would excommunicate liz
      - england had just signed cateau cambresis with france, fear of catholic crusade led council to make early overtures to protestant german princes in hope of religious alliances
  - - - forbade priests in the Royal chapel to elevate the host- bread held up during mass to signify being Christ's body
      - furious when Dean of St Pauls Cathedral presented her with copy of prayer book with illustrations of saints
      - education of those with Lutheran ideas- Sir Roger Ascham
      - in 1558 Privy council dominated by Protestants- protestant preachers invited to give public sermons
    - - enjoyed ornaments of catholic church- crucifix, candles and church music
      - supported view priests devote their lives to god and not marry
      - argued with Archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker whether priests should live with wives on cathedral grounds or in a college
      - Liked clergymen to wear vestments and hymns accompanied with choir boys and the organ
- - - - Cecil convinced Liz money was still technically property of the bankers- Queen decided to take over loan herself making life difficult for Alva in Netherlands
      - Spain's response was more severe than anticpated- cecil came under criticism for deterioration in relations between E+S
      - Nov 1568 Spanish bullion ships on way to netherlands to pay Spanish army took refuge from pirates in English ports- bullion was loan provided by Genoese bankers
    - - Spanish gov reaction to confiscation of Genoese loan was rapid and dramatic
      - Alva seized all english ships and property in Netherlands, Phil did same in Spain. Resulted in total embargo on all trade between E+S
    - - Attack on Hawkins at San Juan increased tension between E+S
      - Ventures backed by courtiers who wanted profit from their investments
      - Hawkins' slaving voyaged of 1562, 64 and 67 attempted to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Americas
    - - Supported the 1571 Ridolfi plot
      - Liz did nothing to prevent English seamen attacking Spanish ships and began pursuing marriage alliance with french duke of anjou
      - Papal bull excommunicated Liz in 1570
      - 1572 Treaty of Blois with France which france and England promised to aid the other if asked
      - Between 1568+72 Liz and Phil looked for ways to cause other trouble without full scale conflict
    - - By 1568 Alva defeated Dutch rebels led by William Prince of Orange
      - Liz didn't have the means to challenge Alva directly- reluctant also to send aid to Protestant rebels
      - deep water harbours on the Dutch coast and prevailing easterly winds made England an easy target for a spanish invasion force
      - Embarked on policy of harassment- encouraged seamen like Drake to make life difficult for Spanish in the New World
      - presence of Alva's army in Netherlands threatened English security
    - - They considered themselves at war with Phil and on return to Netherlands they captured the port of Brill and revolt of Netherlands began
      - For next 3 years english public opinion and members of council Leicester and Walsingham called for liz to send help to rebels to prevent Spanish military conquest and centralisation of Nethers
      - 1572 liz expelled Dutch Sea Beggars- dutch protestant privateers had been sheltering in english ports
      - Liz refused to give aid officially, to not antagonise Spain- Huguenot leader Coligny sent army to South Netherlands to support rebels
      - By end of 1572 Phil and Liz settled differences, trade restored in Convention of Nymegen 1573 and Liz withdrew support for English pirates in Caribbean in Treaty of Bristol 1574
      - She sent volunteer force under Gilbert to prevent Flushing from falling to french hand- but maintained good relations with france even after Massacre of St Bartholomew- Alva crushed revolt easy
- - - - Intervention would be interpreted as hostile act by spain
      - if spain defeated, france might think bout expanding into Nethers
      - rebels doing good job keeping spain occupied
      - Intervention would be expensive
      - Leicesters opinion
        
        Eng support would encourage dutch states to rally under Will of orange
        
        Intervention would show Eng solidarity with other Prot countries
        
        Spanish army not makign headway in Nethers- opportunity to intervene and defeat them
        
        france=england's ally
    - - Spain already restored influence over S.Nethers. Rebel victory in North wouldn't change this. Negotiation only answer
      - Rebels manager for year without strong leader
      - Cost of intervention huge
      - Walsingham's opinion
        
        If rebel collapses, Spain will extend control along entire coast and good place to invade Eng
        
        Defeat of Calvinist power tip scales in favour of Catholic Europe and leave Eng isolated
        
        Death of Will Prince of Orange left rebels without effective leader- only Eng could provide replacement
      - Intervention would strengthen Spain support for Cath league
    - - After Treaty of Joinville 1584 made public, Lix continued hope that King of France could contain Spanish aggression
      - Minimal role in Nethers didn't stop Phil seeing Eng as main stumbling bloc preventing Spanish control
      - Disliked war, unnecessary spending and distrust of rebels led her to have a defensive policy
      - After William of Orange died 1584 french made obvious they wouldn't intervene directly to help Dutch rebels- forced Liz's hand as without foreign support rebels unable to withstand spain
      - Liz believed Habsburg Valois wars would work to her advantages and her objectives were limited
      - Death of Alencon and Prince of orange increased demands for liz to intervene in Nethers to keep rebellion alive
      - Attitude to Nethers attracted criticism form English prots
      - 1585 objectives still limited- didn't want sovereignty in Nethers, offered by Estate general- intervened as failure to do so would lead to Spanish conquest of Nethers
  - - - Fitzgerald Rebellion in Munster 1569-72
        
        rebellion quickly subsided but foreign support backed by papacy showed increasing discontent against colonisation schemes
        
        in wake of rebellion- 2 privately based attempts at colonisation failed and liz recalled sidney after introduction of new land tax on Munster and Connaught failed to stop expenditure soaring
        
        had been private war between Earl of Desmond and Ormonde- but worrying when Fitzgerald appealed for Cath and foreign aid
        
        increasing conviction military conquest only option
        
        Sidney recalled to Ireland to put down fitzgerald rebellion
      - Fitzgerald rebellion in Munster 2 `1579-83
        
        Garrison at Smerwick- composed of reinforcement from Spain- massacred after surrendering, widespread executions, harvest burned and cattle slaughtered
        
        Grey recalled by Liz as methods had alienated traditional gov supporters in the Pale
        
        rebels joined by earl of Desmond and rebellion spread to Munster, Leinster, Ulster and Connaught
        
        But had paved way for successful colonisation of Desmond's lands in Munster and Connaught
        
        1580 Grey went with army of 6500 men to put down rebellion led by Fitzgerald and backed by pope
      - Shane O'Neill's rebellion in Ulster 1559-66
        
        Proposed regional councils along lines of Council of the North- his nominee of Munster council caused uprising in Leinster
        
        Queen refused to send further funds and replaced sidney by 1567
        
        O'neill murdered by clans he took refuge with- sidney then continued Sussex's policy of colonisation
        
        Sidney sent ot quash rebellion in 1565 after Sussex's failures to do so- marched through Ulster, had help of rival clans
        
        Liz ordered earl of sussex to maintain control in Ireland, reduce expenditure and enforce the 1559 religious settlement
      - Tyrone's rebellion in Ulster 1594-1603
        
        Irish chieftains saw system under threat- trust in eng deputies plummeted
        
        Earl of Tyronne came to power in Ulster
        
        Clan warfare increased with accusation of cattle raiding and executions
        
        Tyrone in contact with Spain from 1590 and began to train army. Council divided about strategies- liz wanted peace at any cost
        
        increasingly neglected by liz and council- old deputy Fitzwilliam couldn't control faction disputes in Dublin
        
        war with spain meant expenditure had to be low, while country had to be secure in case spanish used as base to invade eng
    - - Colonisation
        
        Sussex attempts by establishing plantation+ increasing eng forces in Ireland
        
        Tried again by Sidney but liz refused to send further funds and replaced him by 1567
        
        Unsuccessful as didn't defeat O'Neill's rebellion
      - Negotiation with Irish chiefs
        
        Success as paved way for successful colonisation of Desmond's land in Munster and Connaught
        
        Failure as Grey recalled by Liz as his methods alienated traditional goverment's supporters in the Pale
      - Regional councils- FAILED
        
        Attempted in Munster by Sidley 1566-67
        
        Gov in ireland relied on Lord Deputy Lieutenant enforcing eng policies and maintaining relations with irish nobles and chief
        
        tension over choice of president and Liz withdrew support, fearing more financial commitment
      - Military conquests
        
        1580 Grey sent with army of 6500 to put down Fitzgerald rebellion
    - - Part of kingdom where feuding was everday feature
      - Potential colony- irish offices became sought after prizes for eng courtiers
      - Base which hostle Cath forces could invade eng
      - irish resentment over eng control fuelled by decision to put monarch at head of church over the pope
      - legacy of unsuccessfully attempts to impose eng culture and traditions, irish culture didn't understand and presumed inferior
      - expected quick results at expense of long term strategies
    - - Earl of Kildare- regarded by irish as natural rule of the Pale- therefore automatic choice for Lord Deputy
      - Earl of Ormonde- governed Leinster- related to liz and loyal to her
      - Earl of Desmond- governed Munster and opposed eng rule
      - Earl of Tyrone- with O'Donnells he governed Ulster and led main Irish resistance against eng rule
- - - - rmada met by eng navy, numerically superior but has quicker ships and ,longer range guns.
      - Sails in tight formation, only loses 2 ships and anchors of Calais.
      - 1588 130 spanish ships with 17,000 men sail up channel to rendevous with spanish army under Parma in Nether.
      - Eng use fire ships to scatter fleet and defeat them at Battle of Gravelines escape northwards but grief on coasts of Scot and Ireland- less than half return to spain
    - - England
        
        Ships
        
        54 strong light fast battleships
        
        140 converted merchant ships
        
        200 total
        
        Weapons
        
        200 smaller cannon- could fire over long distance- quick to load
      - Spain
        
        Ships
        
        64 battleships
        
        22 huge galleons
        
        130 total
        
        45 converted merchant ships
        
        Weapons
        
        2000 large cannons- fired heavy cannon balles, only short distance and slow to load
        
        67 ships returned to spain of original 130- some blamed Duke Medina Sidonia's inexperience or weather
    - - Parma successful in recovering land in Nether for phil, Liz convinced action needed to be taken
      - Liz agreed to send 7,000 troops under Leicester to maintain rebellion. Public defiance of Phil. Also sent fleet under Drake to raid Spanish ships across the Caribbean
      - Treaty of Nonsuch 1585 between Liz and Dutch rebels
      - In return Dutch hand over Flushing nad Brill and liz became Protector of the Nethernlands. Flushing key passage way to Antwerp, had nearly been taken by French
      - Military power of Spain and tensions with Eng had been growing since 1585
    - - english sailors were often too sidetracked by the acquisition of plunder
      - navy could protect england from invasion but couldn't win the war
      - Drake and commanders annoyed at failure to capture and make profit out of Spanish ships, criticised Liz's decision to defend the channel rather than invade spain
      - events at sea were less significant than those on land
      - Success wasn't followed up and war with spain continued for another 10 years
      - Defeat of Spanish armada huge heroic event but effect limited
- - - - 1564 Hawkins secured investments from prominent members at court
      - third voyage supported by Liz but was blockaded in San Juan de Ulua- antagonised relations between liz and phil
      - Hawkins made 3 voyages from 1562 to acquire slaves in Africa, transported and sold in South America
      - Raleigh's ideas to colonise America gained support from Walsingham. 1585 Raleigh received patent from Queen to colonise Virginia
      - Colonising america came from Gilbert- entrepreneur and explorer. Encouraged by Hakluyt in 1584, linked to half brother Raleigh- Raleigh presented these ideas to Queen
      - 2 expeditions landed Roanoake Island which became North Carolina.attempts to colonise proved unsuccessful due to poor organisation, ill luck, reluctance of Queen to give the settlers priority during times of war with Armada
      - extension of trade of North America and attempt to establish colony in Virginia received little importance, but later significant achievements
      - Hawkins began with Guinea as starting point of move into the Americas. Guinea centre of African trade- Hawkins invented the English slave trade here
      - Permanent english colonisation had to wait until reign of James I
    - - Wider range of foreign luxury goods were imported- suggetsing more affordable to wider range of population
      - Bad harvests still occurred which upset the trend of marked improved living standard for all during this period
      - Some old established towns experienced decline such as Stamford+Winchester. Urban decay associated with boroughs that had been dependent on cloth industry as this business now moved to rural areas
      - Towns that did well either had broad range of manufacturing industry or unincorporated towns which industry was able to develop without hindrance from regulation
      - Argued growth of London as port and industrial centre had detrimental effect on other towns/cities. However others like Newcastle Upon Tyne benefited from London's economic needs
      - 1596-97 subsistence crisis- conditions worst in north with starvation in remote rural areas and urban centre of newcastle. Reported 25 homeless were buried due to starvation in newcastle
      - Society farmers benefited from rise in agricultural prices. Inventories taken after death of person confirmed living standard of farmers improved
      - Land became more in hands of gentry- rise in building of great houses and country houses. 'Building boom'
      - by 1596 real wages collapsed to less than half the level they had been 9 years previously
      - Real wages fell at same time of harvest failure. 9/44poor impact 1594-97 catastrophic experiences for some where there had been 4 successive bad harvests
      - Landowners benefitted from economic trends of Eliazabethan eng- income from land rose
      - from taxation records wealthiest part of country was south east followed by Norfolk, Suffolk and inner west country. Poorest areas in North and West Midlands
      - Conditions of old established towns e.g York+Norwich continued to improve. New settlement e/g Manchester+Plymouth developed
    - - East India Company set up `1600 to trade with Asia but had less investement comapred with Dutch East india company- difficult to compete with short term. East land company set up 1579 to trade with Baltic but had little success
      - Cloth trade with Nethers declined but still important. Trade developed with North German port of Emden and to Amsterdam
      - No. of trading companies set to widen Eng trading interest- Muscovy company incorporated into Eng trade in 1555 but failed long term to compete with Dutch
      - Historians argue trade was buoyant- can be seen in the increase in shipbuilding which took place
      - internal trade value exceeded foreign trade. Coal shipping grew from Tyne to Thames to meet growing demands from London- some exported across North sea and to France
      - argued trade not as successful as initially argued. histroians saw liz to be desperately searchin new markets to offset long term decline in cloth trade
      - attempts to establish new trading markets e.g Russia but remained economically marginal
      - All trading companies established relatively small. All joint-stock companies owned by shareholders which later essential to future capitalist development
      - English wool markets moved from south to northern Nether. Change seen by increase in trade with Ottoman Empire
    - - 1563 Act for the Maintenance of the Navy
        
        Series of good harvests enabled gov to concentrate on expanding the food supply
        
        Included clause which raised price limit on amount of grain that could be exported to 10 shillings a quarter
      - 1592-93 Statue regarding the Export of Corn
        
        During good years farmers allowed to export surplus corn- indicated corn sufficient supply for growing population
        
        Followed series of good harvests between 1587 and 1593 when surplus of grain
        
        Price limit of corn at 20 shilling a quarter. Export of corn permitted when price fell below this
      - 1563 Statute of Artificers
        
        Landmark in economic legislation- recognised right to work and focused on young single full time labourers. All able unemployed persons obliged to seek work in farming or domestic services
        
        Employers to provide employees with training and annual contracts to be issued. Act didn't live up to expectations as didn't take into account increasing level of unemployment caused by inflation
        
        Fixed max but not min wage rates. Standard wage rate to be assessed by JPs and kept in line with prices
        
        Instead by fixing max wage it held down wages at time when no. of people looking for waged employment rose. Indirectly contributed to growth of poverty
        
        Attemot to regulate industry and agriculture
      - 1592-93
        
        1563 Act for maintaining tillage prevent conversion of tilled land to pasture repealed
      - 1563 Act for Maintaining Tillage
        
        No land under tillage could be converted to pasture- act against depopulation
        
        Gov dislike of enclosure based on fear of social unrest and number of tenants available for military service might decline
        
        All land that been under tillage for 4 years since 1528 must remain under tillage
      - 1598 Statue against conversions to Pasture, Statute against the Engrossing of Farms
        
        4 disastrous harvests between 1594 and 1597 led to revolts against enclosure and high prices in Oxfordshire in 1596
        
        Number of acts passed against enclosure and depopulation during Tudor period shows difficulty of gov in balancing need for profits that could be made from cloth industry with demands of increasing population
        
        Parliament of 1598 panicked into these measures by spate of enclosures between 1591 and 1597. Some areas like Staffordshire in 1592-94 enclosures caused real distress
        
        Acts designed to prevent further conversion of tillage into pasture
    - - new markets was long term enterprise- eng declining commitment to european based trade allowed ports like Hull, Exeter and Bristol to regain some initiative that had been lost to London
      - Merchant Adventurers transferred cloth trade from Antwerp to Emden, Hamburg, Stade and Middleburg
      - Pilchard exported to Portugal, Barley+malt exported to nethers, wine+wood imported from France, Coal+tin+herring+cod imported from Scandinavia, Iron+wool+wine imported from Spain
      - cloth trade between London and Antwerp 75% of all exports and brought in custom duties between £35,000 and 50,000 a year
      - 1553 Willougby and Chancellor crossed Arctic ocean and travelled overland to Moscow. from 1558 overland trading expeditions under Jenkinson travelled through Russia to Asia- trade was worth £25,000 per year
      - Eastland company estbalished 1579 to import goods, naval supplies from Baltic. Cloth 75% of eng exports to Baltic
      - 1573 onwards english ships began importing luxuries like silk, spices and oils from Mediterranean
      - Growing domestic demand for luxury goods sugar and spices, generated high profits, drove men to find North-West passage to Asia. 1574 Frobishe reached Baffin island and 1587 Davis explored west coast of Greenland
      - 1583 Newberry and Fitch journeyed overland to India and established East India company. despite new trade routes 75% imports still came from nethers, HRE and Spain. English maritme more concerned with illegal trade in New world than legal trade with East
  - - - Astrolabe meant ship's position could be plotted accurately- magnetic compass developed
      - smaller ships called cravels and carracks used for exploration and invention of rudder gave crew more control when steering ship
      - new inventions prompted growth in exploration- printing press meant maps and geographical literature more readily available
      - Triangular lateen ship (copied from Arab ships) meant ships could sail whichever way they wished, whatever the wind direction
      - belief in intellectual circles world was round not flat- suggested ships sail north around russia or south round africa or west across Atlantic to reach far east
      - Age of renaissance- encouraged learning and adventure
    - - Muscovy company set up 1555, eastland company in 1579 traded timber, tar and rope with Scandinavia+baltic, Levant company 1581 goods in Med and East India company 1600
      - After Frobisher's failed attempts to discover northwest passage to China, Lancaster in 1590s sailed round cape of good hope in africa to reach India and Spice islands
      - eng jealous of spain's monopoly on new worlds goods
      - Hawkin's 3 slave voyages- made great deal of money from gold, silver and animal skins too
      - privateers were licensed by Liz’s gov to robs spanish ships/ports privateer’s ships were privately owned, financed by merchants and liz
      - Drake in 1572 captured £40,000 wort of spanish silver from ships travelling from Mexico+Peru, captured spanish port Nombre de Dios in Panama
      - Spain hostile to eng interests- didn't allow other countries to trade with their colonies in new world without a license- not granted to eng sailors
      - Drake sailed in 1577 circumnavigated globe- reutned with £400,000 treasre from Spanish- made £10,000 with the rest of investors and queen, more than her entire income of the year
      - Raleigh royal patent to establish colony like spain and portugal- colonisation seen as way of solving poverty crisis at home
      - both raleigh's attempts failed as first settlers faced food shortages, second disappeared without a trace- 4 years after Liz's death first successful english colony in virginia at jamestown
      - long term- foundation of position as global superpower, rich, development of navy and established colonies that grew into british empire
      - short term increased hostility with spain- brought great wealth to merchants and nobles- helped build Liz's image
    - - Ottomans had high taxes on goods passing through their territory
      - Annoyed europeans as turks had ability to bloc off trade- wanted to find alt route
      - Difficulties made worse by Ottoman expansion- muslim hostile to christian europe- conquered E.Europe- held power in the Med
      - ships had advantage of carrying more than camels, so hoped more goods could be imported for less money
      - Brought from far eastover land on back of camels and could take 2/3 years for goods to reach italian trading centres Genoa+Venice
      - trade links beyind europe as high demand for luxuries e.g spices, incense, silks- high price as transporting took long and expensive
    - - Humphrey Gilbert- Solider and courtier tried to find new trade route to China. Devoted Prot who spent time at sea raiding spanish ships
      - Martin Frobisher- 3 voyages to New world looking for north west passage
      - Francis Drake- explorer and adventurer- first englishman to sail round world
      - Richard Grenville- made prep for voyage of discovery to South Pacific hoping ot locate northwest passage from Eng to China but expedition never made. Drake adopted plan for his circumnavigation voyage instead. Commanded fleet carried 100 eng colonists to Roanoake island
      - Walter Raleigh- tried to establish colony in America- called it Virginia after Eng's virgin queen
      - John Hawkins- explored coasts of Africa-supplied enslaved african sto spanish and portugese to work on sugar and tobacco plantations. 3rd expedition 1567 attacked by at San Juan de Ulua
- - - - Treaty of Cateau Cambresis 1559 Eng+france signed confiming loss of Calai- French dominated Scot where Mary of Guise ruled as regent for MQS- Scot Prots rebelled and forced her to flee in 1559
      - Treaty of Edinburgh 1559 MQS husband became King of Frace she gave up claim to English throne- but never formally approved this treaty
      - 1565 married Lord Darnley- strenghtened Stuart claim to Eng throne
      - 1566 Rizzio affair- Darnley plotted to murder Mary's secretary Rizzio- stabbed to death and Mary roughly handled- child survived, James VI of Scotland
      - 1560 Francis II died 1561 MQS back to Scotland- main concern assert claim to Eng succession
      - Mary forced to abdicate in favour of son and regency established- imprisoned at Loch Level and escaped 1568- army defeated at Langside May 1568 and fled to England
      - York Conference- council asked socttish lords to attend to determine Mary's involvement in Darnley's murder- claimed had evidence in letters- verdict jan 1569- Moray returned to scot with english support and loan of £5000
      - John Knox- led Prot reformation in Scot, had worked on Ed 6 prayer book, spent time in exile in Mary's reign- didn't like female rulers
- - - - Duke of norfolk to marry MQS and Westmoreland+Northumberland raise army in North
      - Spain would send soldiers and Norfolks army meet them
      - northern earls strong catholics and arrival of mary in 1568 pushed them to rebellion
      - Then march south and overthrow liz- MQS proclaimes queen
      - Northern earls were powerful but when liz came to throne limited their power by putting southern lords in charge of some of their land
    - - Rebel actions
        
        Earls realised impossible to free MQS from prison
        
        Rebellion poorly planned- support limited geographically
        
        Earls turned back when heard about massive force being built up against them
      - Support for Liz
        
        Appeals made by Earls to Catholic nobility failed- support fro Lancashire and Cheshire not forthcoming
        
        Gov officials contained the rebellion and held key towns of Pontefract, Berwick and York
        
        No popular support to replace Liz with foreigner of restore authority of pope
      - Foreign support
        
        Pope didn't issue papl bull till after rebellion- too late to call on catholics to support rebellion and rid Liz
        
        Phil didn't show support for MQS due to her connections with France
    - - 9th nov Northum+Westmor soldiers assembled and 14th nov marched to Durham cathdral- tore down prot images and celebrated catholic mass
      - 16th nov earl of sussex attempted to raise army against rebels- 14th dec barnard castle surrenders to the earls
      - Sept 1569 liz informed of plot and nov imprisons norfolk
      - 16th dec liz's privy council assemble 15,000 soldiers to march north- reach river Tees and rebels outnumbered at 5,000 and fled
      - Earls involved
        
        Charles neville, Earl of Westmoreland- norfolks bro in law- original conspirator
        
        Thomas Percy Earl of Northumberland- rose support for restoring catholic- didn't want norfolk to marry mary
        
        Thomas Howard duke of norfolk- lead- conspired to marry mary to secure her succession- when discovered fled and told others not to carry out rebellion- imprisoned
        
        De Spes Spanish ambassador- wrote to Phil about optimism of liz being overthrown and catholic uprising
      - 19th dec Westmor and northum fled to Scotland- revolt collapsed
      - dec 1569-jan1570 liz ordered execution of 700 rebels- actual figure 450
    - - Pope Pius V angered by outcome and issued papal bull excommunicating liz in 1570
      - Formally excluded from Catholic church and pope encouraged english catholics to overthrow Liz
      - 450 rebels executed- not another rebellion until 1601
      - Liz responded with Treason Act in 1571- offence to claim she was a heretic
      - northumberland captured and executed 1572- MQS kept in captivity
      - Ended religious toleration in the north by strengthening the council of the north
      - first major catholic rebellion
    - - Liz still hadn't produced protestant heir- no guarantee her religious settlement 1559 would last
      - fear of liz and councillors that legitimate catholic claimant might try and overthrow he with foreign and English support- MQS
      - Her arrival ended hope of Catholicism withering away
      - After MQS arrival in 1568 to England