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Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Good conductors of heat and electicity
      - Malleable, ductible and have luster
      - Tend to loose electrons
    - - Poor conductors of heat and electricity
      - Tend to gain electrons
      - Low melting points
    - - Mixture between both
- - - - Indivisible particles termed ATOMOS
      - Not well accepted by the scientific community at the time
    - - Supported by experimental data
      - Solid sphere
      - Indivisible
      - Postulates
        
        All matter consists of small particles called atoms
        
        Elements consists of only one type of atom
        
        Compounds consists of whole number ratios of different atoms
        
        Atoms are not created or destroyed
      - Laws
        
        The law of definite proportions(Proust)
        
        The law of conservation of matter(Lavoisier)
        
        The law of multiple proportions
        
        If A & B combine into more than one compound, the variable mass of B combined with fixed masses of A expressed as a ratio of small numbers
      - Bowling ball model
    - - Cathode rays(ENERGY)
      - Negatively charged particles in a positively charged sphere
      - Plum Pudding Model
    - - Gold foil experiment(RADIOACTIVITY)
      - Observations
        
        Most of the alpha particles passed through the atoms
        
        Most of the atom is empty space
        
        Some particles were deflected by very large angles
        
        The atom has a dense central space called the nucleous
      - Nuclear model
    - - Energy shells
      - Planetary model
      - Orbits have specific size and energy
      - Lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit
      - Electrons can move form orbit to orbit while losing or gaining energy(Photon).
    - - Electron cloud
      - Orbitals predict the area likely to find electrons
      - Quantum Mechanical Model
  - - - Protons
        
        +1 charge
        
        mass: 1 Amu
        
        nucleus
      - Electrons
        
        -1 charge
        
        mass: 1/1836 amu
        
        Electron cloud
      - Neutrons
        
        no charge
        
        Mass: 1 amu
        
        nucleus
      - amu = 1.66 x 10^-24 g
    - - Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
      - In neutral atoms, the number of protons and electrons are equal
      - Isotopes have the same proton number, but different masses
        
        They have the same Chemical properties, but different physical ones.
    - - Z + n (where n is the number of neutrons)
      - relative atomic mass(Ar)
        
        The weighted average between all the isotopes' masses and their percentage occurance in nature
  - - - Ground state -->(energy) exited state --> (photon) ground state
    - - Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
        
        It is impossible to accurately determine both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously
      - Schrödinger’s equation
        
        Places(orbitals) where it is most probable to find an atom
        
        S orbital - Sphere and P orbital - Dumbell
    - - EXEPTIONS copper(4s13d10) and chromium(4s1 3d5)
      - Full electron configuration
      - Noble gas + valence shell
        
        Condensed electron configuration
  - - - ml = -l …+l