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attachment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a child who's first relationship is positive and loving will tend to from an expectation that all relationships are loving and reliable.
      - however if a person has a poor first relationship they will tend to form further poor relationships in which they expect such treatment.
      - people tend to base their parenting behaviour based on their own experiences of being parented.
  - - - not supported by Schaffer and emerson- most babies did attach to one person first but then appeared to form multiple attachments at the same time.
        
        limitation as there is evidence to oppose bowlbys theory that there is a single attachment.
    - - assessed mothers with one year old babies on the quality of their attachment to their own mothers using standard interviews. the researchers also assessed the attachment of the babies to the mothers by observation. found that mothers who reported poor attachments to their own parents were much more likely to have children classified as poor
- - - - findings- secure was most common classification however proportion varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in china. insecure avoidant attachments were observed mostly in Germany and least in Japan
    - - 87 children assessed. most infants were secure- more of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one was resistant. this distribution is similar to that of Japan- since Japan and korea have similar child rearing styles this could be an explanation as to why.
    - - LARGE SAMPLE
        
        increases internal validity by reducing the impact of anomalous results caused by unusual participants.
      - unrepresentative of culture
        
        comparing countries not culture.for example one sample might over represent people living in poverty- a stress which might affect caregiving. dsitributions of attachment in Tokyo were similar to western studies whereas a more rural sample had an over erepresentation of insecure resistant indiviuals. comparing countries such as italy and korea may have no meaning.
- - - - 265 romanian orphans adopted in Britain- tested to see if good care could reverse the effects of institutionalisation. assessed at ages 4 6 11 and 15. control group of 52 British children adopted at same time.
      - findings- half the adoptees showed signs of delayed intellectual development and majority severly undernourished. means iq of those adopted before 6 months 102, 86 for those 6 months to 2 years, and 77 for those after 2 years.
      - those adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment, attention seeking, clinginess and social behaviours directed indiscriminately towards all adults. those adopted before 6 months rarely displayed this.
    - - assessed attachment in 95 children pent most of their lives in an institution. compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution. found that 74% of control came out as securely attached and 19% won institutional group were securely attached. 65% classified with disorganised attachment.
    - - fewer extraneous variables- in previous or[han studies many of the children had experienced loss or trauma which acted as confounding participant variables, in the case of the Romanian orphans its been possible to study institutionalisation without this factors meaning it increases its internal validity./
- - - - observed that birds that imprinted on a human would often later display courtship behaviour towards humans. Lorenz describes a peacock that had been reared in the reptile house of a zoo, where the first moving object was a giant tortoise. as an adult this bird would only direct courtship towards giant tortoises.
    - - generalisability to humans- mammalian attachment style is different than to birds. mammalian show more emotional attachment to young the birds. mammals may be able to form attachments at any age. not appropriate to try and generalise Lorenz's ideas.
  - - - practical valud- helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect and abuse and how to prevent it. we now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys in zoos and breeding programmes in the wild.
      - ethical issues- monkeys suffered greatly as a result of hallows procedures. the suffering is assumed to be human-like. counter argument is that hallows research was sufficiently important to justify the effects.