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Geography - Coggle Diagram
Geography
7 Key Concepts
Change - The concept of change is about explaining geographical phenomena by investigating how they have developed over time
Sustainability - The concept of sustainability is about the capacity of the environment to continue to support our lives and the lives of other living creatures into the future
Scale - The concept of scale is about the way that geographical phenomena and problems can be examined at different spatial levels
Interconnection - The concept of interconnection emphasises that no object of geographical study can be viewed in isolation
Place - Places are parts of the Earth’s surface that are identified and given meaning by people. They may be perceived, experienced, understood and valued differently. They range in size from a part of a room or garden to a major world region
Environment - The concept of environment is about the significance of the environment in human life, and the important interrelationships between humans and the environment
Space - The environmental and human characteristics of places are influenced by their location, but the effects of location and distance from other places on people are being reduced, though unequally, by improvements in transport and communication technologies
Maps
Types of Maps
Political - A political map does not show topographic features like mountains. It focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. These maps also include the locations of cities large and small, depending on the detail of the maps
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Climate - A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. These maps can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives, or the average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colours to show different climatic areas
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Physical - A physical map is one that documents landscape features of a place. These maps generally show things like mountains, rivers, and lakes. Bodies of water are commonly shown in blue. Mountains and elevation changes are sometimes shown with different colours and shades to show elevation. On physical maps, greens usually indicate lower elevations while browns usually indicate higher elevations
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Choropleth - A choropleth map is a type of statistical thematic map that uses intensity of colour to correspond with an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within spatial enumeration units, such as population density or per-capita income
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Topographic - A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. Unlike physical maps, though, this type of map uses contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100-foot elevation change). When lines are close together, it means the terrain is steep
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Economic - An economic map shows the specific types of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colours depending on what is being depicted
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Thematic - A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic. These maps are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation, and highways. If these items appear on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme
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Mapping Skills
BOLTS
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Orientation - A compass or directional figure that shows where north, south, east or west are
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Values
Cultural - Cultural values are the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists and protect and rely upon for existence and harmonious relationship
Economic - Economic value is the worth of a good or service determined by people's preferences and the trade-offs they choose given their scarce resources
Spiritual - Spiritual values attributed to protected areas refer to the transcendent or immanent significance that features of nature have that put people in touch with a deeper reality greater than themselves that gives meaning and vitality to their lives and motivates them to revere and care for the environment
Aesthetic - The aesthetic value of a landscape is closely linked to its beauty and uniqueness. An individual might be drawn to a particular landform because of its overwhelming majesty, creating a personal connection to the place
Landforms
Mountains
Spur - A spur is a long, gently-sloping 'tongue' of ground that runs down from a hill to lower ground. Spurs often provide access to and from the high ground, for walkers, for roads, etc.
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Hill - A hill is a piece of land that rises higher than everything surrounding it. It looks like a little bump in the Earth. They are similar to mountains but less steep and not as high
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Plateau - A plateau is a flat and high landform with at least one side that rises sharply above the surrounding terrain. Plateaus cover a third of the Earth's surface and can be found on all continents. Along with mountains, plains, and hills, they're one of the four major landforms
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Valley - A valley is an elongate depression of the earth's surface usually between ranges of hills or mountains
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Ridge - A ridge or a mountain ridge is a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
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Saddle - A saddle point is the lowest point along a ridge or between two mountain tops and the highest point between adjacent valleys or lowlands
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Landscapes
Types of landscapes
Manmade - Landscapes that are made by humans such as cities, towns and highways
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Erosion and Weathering
Weathering -
Physical - Physical weathering happens when rocks are fragmented into minor fragments while ensuring no alterations in their chemical makeup. The main causes behind physical weathering include spontaneous fluctuations in temperature like too high or too low heat or cold. Variations in would be the causal element of freeze-thaw action and this occurs when water gets collected in the fissures in rocks all through the day and during the temperature drops at night that would be sufficient to freeze water into ice. It is a known fact that almost every substance grows in size when heated and contracts when exposed to low-temperature situations. Unlike these cases, water converts to ices when the temperature goes below zero and actually expands. The resultant action would result in the expansion of the fissure and thereby the structure of it weathers
Biological - Biological weathering is the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes. Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock. Although the process is physical, the pressure is exerted by a biological process
Chemical - Chemical weathering happens when the chemicals get diluted and dissolved in water and seep and percolate down the rock surfaces. Chemical weathering happens in areas having high temperatures and enough supply of water alike tropical environments that are humid. While the chemical weathering happens, the composition of minerals alters due to the reaction of chemicals in water or air. This also results in the rock decomposition. Some parts of the rock decomposition are carried away ping through rocks and soil, a procedure called leaching. The water ultimately may carry these materials to rivers and then to the sea. This is the source of the salinity of the oceans. The instances of chemical weathering are oxidation, the decay of calcium carbonate, etc
Erosion - Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
Erosion by Water - Liquid water is the major agent of erosion on Earth. Rain, rivers, floods, lakes, and the ocean carry away bits of soil and sand and slowly wash away the sediment
Erosion by Wind - Wind is a powerful agent of erosion. Aeolian (wind-driven) processes constantly transport dust, sand, and ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes. Some sand dunes in the Badain Jaran section of the Gobi Desert in China, for example, reach more than 400 meters (1,300 feet) high
Physical Erosion - Physical erosion describes the process of rocks changing their physical properties without changing their basic chemical composition. Physical erosion often causes rocks to get smaller or smoother. Rocks eroded through physical erosion often form clastic sediments. Clastic sediments are composed of fragments of older rocks that have been transported from their place of origin
Erosion by Ice - Ice, usually in the form of glaciers, can erode the earth and create dramatic landforms. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they transport everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders
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