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8.1 Human population dynamics - Coggle Diagram
8.1 Human population dynamics
Demographic tools
Natural increase rate (NIR)
rate of human growth expressed as a percentage change per year
(CBR-CDR)/10
NIR of 1% will make a population double in size in 70 years
Doubling time (DT)
time in years that it takes for a population to double in size
70/NIR
Crude death rate (CDR)
number of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year
(deaths/population) x 1000
Total fertility rate (TFR)
average number of children each woman has over her lifetime
Crude birth rate (CBR)
number of births per thousand individuals in a population per year
(births/population) x 1000
Population growth
and resources
more people,
produce more waste
want to improve standard of living
require more resources
greater impact
Factors responsible for impacts on resource base and environment
wealth of a population
resource desire
size of population
resource need/use
Assumption: all individuals have the same resource needs & same impact environmentally
and food shortages
Malthusian theory (1766 to 1834)
pessimistic view: food supply will limit population growth
population increase, greater pressure for intense farming, cultivating poorer, marginal land
food production can only increase to a certain level determined by the productive capacity of the land & existing levels of technology
limitaitons
too simplistic
issue of equity: only the poor go hungry, poor distribution of resources
changes in farming technology
food surpluses exist & agricultural production increases
Boserup's theory (1965)
optimistic & technocentric view: technology increases food production as population growth (demand) becomes an incentive
agriculture moves into higher stages of intensity through innovation & introduction of new farming methods
limitations
assumption of a 'closed' community
overpopulation leads to unsuitable farming practices that degrade land, certain fragile environments cannot support
population pressure does not always lead to technological innovation & development
Influencing human population growth
policies to reduce
urbanisation - fewer people can live in small urban accommodation
education of women, enable women to have greater personal & economic independence
increased access to education about birth control
tax
introduction of pension schemes by the gov
policies to increase
agricultural development, improved public health and sanitation
lower income tax/give incentives & free education & healthcare
encourage immigration
Population or age/sex pyramids
show the distribution of individuals in a population, by sex and age
can indicate political and social changes
Demographic transition model (DTM)
pattern of decline in mortality and fertility of a country as a result of social and economic development
stages
2 Early expanding
LEDC's, high CBR, drop in CDR
3 Late expanding
Wealthier LEDC's, CBR and CDR drop, population begins to level off, smaller families
4 Low stationary
MEDC's, low CBR & CDR, stable population
1 High stationary
Pre-industrial societies, high CBR & CDR
5 Declining
MEDC's, low CBR & CDR, low fertility rate, problems of ageing workforce
limitations
some countries have compressed the timescale of these changes
initial model was without the fifth stage
eurocentric model, assume all countries will be industrialised
deaths from AIDS-related diseases may affect this
fall in brith rate assumes availability of contraception and that religious practices allow for this
model - generalised and simple or too complex & difficult to use
why people have large families
children are an economic asset
status of women
Security in old age
unavailability of contraceptives
high infant & childhood mortality
how to reduce family size
make contraceptives and family counselling available
improve health
enhance income
improve resource management
provide education