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research methods year 13, -case study
a case is a detailed analysis of an…
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-case study
a case is a detailed analysis of an individual, group or event
- this is usual someone with a unusual circumstances such as a rare disorder
- a case study is qualitative data and is ideographic and is longitudinal
- may construct a case history is get quantitative data using interviews observations and questionnaires may even use phycological testing
-content analysis
- is a research technique that enables an indirect study of behaviour by examining communications they produce
- for example texts, emails, tv and speaking ect
-coding and quantitative data
- coding is the initial stage this means researchers may categorise data into meaningful units then counted
- for example a newspapers may be analysed for hoe many times derogatory terms was used towards people with mental heath issues, such as crazy
- thematic analysis and qualitative data
- recurrent ideas that keep coming up in communication are identified
- more descriptive coding units
reliability is measure of consistency
- test-retest
- administering the same test or questionnaire to the same people on separate occasions if the test is reliable the results should be the same ( a significant positive correlation)
- inter-observer reliability
when to or more observers witness the same event but record there data independently, this is then correlated
- reliability is measured using correlational analysis, the correlation coefficient should exceed +.80 for it to be reliable
improving reliability
- questionnaire's
if a questionnaire has low retest reliability, could change to closed questions
- interviews
should avoid leading questions, or ambiguous questions and make sure interviewer is trained
- observations
behavioural categories should be operationalised
- experiments
standardised procedures ensures consistency when testing different participants
is whether the test, observation or experiment produces a result that is legitimate
- internal validity
whether the effects are caused by the manipulation of the independent variable not other factors, a threat to this is demand characteristics
- external validity
whether the data collected can be generalised.
- ecological validity
if the task used to measure the dependant variable lacks mundane realism it has low ecological validity
- temporal validity
whether certain findings from studies can be generalised to other historical times
ways of assessing validity
-face validity
-concurrent validity, match with a pervious test
improving validity
- experimental research
use a control group, standardised procedures, single blind and double blind
- questionnaires
lie scales, and anonymity to reduce social desirability bias
- observation
use convert observations and well defined behavioural categories
- step 1, whether the researcher is looking for a difference or correlation
- step 2, in case of a difference what experimental design?
- step 3, the level of measurement
- levels of measurement (quantitative)
nominal data, represented in the form of catorgories, how many students like math and how many don't
ordinal data, ordered data like rating how much u like maths on scale to 1-10
interval data, numerical scales such as weights, thermometers and time
- paradigms
a set of shared assumptions and methods, however psychology is a pre-science as there are to many conflicting approaches
- paradigms shifts
paradigm shift occurs when there is to much conflicting evidence to ignore, and a scientific revolution occurs
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- a theory is set of general laws, the constriction is the process of explanation for the causes of behaviour by gathering evidence then making a theory
- theories should suggest a num of hypothesis, which can be tested using hypothesis testing
- falsifiability
this is the principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless is admits the possibility of being proven untrue
- replicability
is a scientific theory is to be trusted the findings must be shown to be repeatable across a number of different contexts and circumstances
- this helps determined the validly of the a finding and the reliability of the method
- the validity of the findings, to see what extend findings can be generalised
- objectivity
researches try to maintain objectivity, must keep a critical distance and not allow personal opinions to influence behaviour
- more control like lab studies have more objectivity
- empirical methods emphasises the importance of data collection based on direct sensory experience,
- experimental method and observational method