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memory - Coggle Diagram
memory
Cognitive interview
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report everything- encouraged to include very detail, trivial details may trigger other important memories.
reinstate the context- the witnesshould return to the original crime scene and imagine the environment and their emotions.
reverse the order- recalled in a different chronological order to the original sequence, from the final point to the beginning. prevents people reporting the expectations of how the event must have happened rather than the actual events.
change perspective- witnesses should recall the incident from other peoples perspective- disrupt the effect of expectations and scheme on recall.
Enhanced cognitive interview - developed additional elements to CI- the interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it. reducing eyewitness anxiety, minimising distractions.
EVALUATION
The CI is time-consuming. police may be reluctant to use the CI because it takes much more time than the standard police interview. requires special training and many forces have not been able to provide more than a few hours. it is unlikely that the proper verson is actually used explaining why police haven't been that impressed by it.
Working memory model
explanation of how stm is organised and how it functions. consists of four main components, each of which is qualitatively different especially in terms of capacity and coding.
central executive
monitors incoming data, makes decisions and allocates slave systems to tasks
phonological loop
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divided into phonological store- stores the words you hear and articulatory process-, allows maintenance rehearsal. capacity of this loop is believed to be two seconds worth of what you can say.
visuo-spatial sketchpad-
stores visual and spatial info when needed. allows visualisation. has a limited capacity- about three to four objects.
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episodic buffer
added in 2000. temporary store for information, integrating the visual, spatial and verbal information processed by other stores.
maintains a sense of time sequencing. record events that are happening. limited capacity of about four chunks
EVALUATION
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patient KF had suffered brain damage- led to poor STM ability for verbal information but could process visual information normally. this suggests that just his phonological loop ahd been damaged and the rest of his memory remained in tact. this supports the WMM that there is a separate visual and acoustic store. however may not always be reliable as it is unique cases.
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MULTI STORE MODEL
SENSORY REGISTER
the sensory register is filled with stimuli from the environment. there is one store for each of our senses.
two main stores are the iconic memory (visual info coded visually) and echoic memory (auditory information coded acoustically)
material in sensory registers last very breifly- duration is less than half a second. have a high capacity- 100 million cells in one ye each storing data.
very little fo what goes into the sensory register progresses into the memory system unless you pay attention to it.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
limited capacity store- capacity = 5-9 items. information is coded automatically and lasts about 30 seconds unless rehearsed.
maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat material to ourselves. if we rehearse it long enough it passes to the LTM.
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EVALUATION
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MSM states STM is a unitary store, people suffering from amnesia show this cannot be true. KF- short term memory was poor when digits were read out to him but his recall was much better when he read them out to himself. This is a limitation as research shows that at the very least there must be one to store auditory info and another processes visual information.
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according to MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount you do. the more you rehearse info, the more likely to transfer to LTM and remember for a long time. Craik and Watkins found that this prediction is wrong- what really matters is the type. Maintenance rehearsal is the type described in the MSM, but this does not transfer info into the LTM. it just maintains it in he STM. Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long term storage- thinking about what the info means. this is a limitation because it is another research finding that cannot be explained by the model.