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:computer: L & L Infosys CH 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFOSYS,…
:computer:
L & L Infosys CH 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFOSYS
Ethical, social and political issues raised by information systems
Non-obvious Relationship Awareness (NORA)
can obtain people's information from various sources: job applications, wanted lists, etc. to identify criminals, etc.
this is called
PROFILING
seen as valuable by goverment but poses privacy questions about how much information a government is entitled to collect
What is the net impact of the doubling of computer power every eighteen months?
makes it possible for firms to utilize IS for key productive capabilities
this raises dependence on IS, which can lead to vulnerability to system errors and poor data quality
Some ethical issues brought about by the rise of the Internet and electronic commerce
generating digital information about yourself keeps you vulnerable
data analysis techniques for data lets companies and government to find out highly personal information
this leads to
PROFILING
Define ethics.
the principles of right and wrong used by free moral agents as guide to behaviour
A model for thinking about Ethical, Social, and Political issues
See diagram on page 157 of L&L
FIVE
moral dimensions of the information age
Information rights and obligations
what do individuals and firms possess as information rights, and what can they protect?
Property rights and obligations
IPR: how will it be protected in an open digital society where ownership accountancy and tracing is challenging?
Accountability and control
who should be help responsible for breaching ethics?
System quality
what standards should be in place to safeguard interests?
Quality of Life
what norms, values, rules and practices should be preserved and respected by IS?
What are some specific principles to guide ethical decision-making?
What are the five steps in an ethical analysis?
identify and describe the facts clearly
define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher order values involved
identify stakeholders
identify options to reasonably take
identify potential consequences of your options
What are the six ethical principles?
The Golden Rule
Do unto what others would do to you.
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
If an action is not right for everyone to take, it is then not right for anyone to take it.
Descartes' Rule of Change (the slippery slope rule)
If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right it take it all
the Utilitarian Principle
take an action that achieves higher or greater value
the Risk Aversion Principle
seek action that minimizes risk
the Ethical “No Free Lunch” Rule.
assume tat virtually all objects are owned by someone unless there is a specific declaration.
The four basic concepts of ethical action
RESPONSIBILITY
accepting prospective costs and duties for the decisions undertaken
ACCOUNTABILITY
the determination of the parties responsible for the other party's complication (who took action)
LIABILITY
the body of law allowing those affected to recover damages by others to them.
DUE PROCESS
the fair process to understand and apply the laws to help affected party.
What are the challenges posed by contemporary IS to individual privacy and intellectual property, and why are they posed?
Individual Privacy
What is Fair Information Practices?
Most American and European privacy law is based on FIP
in a report written in 1973
a doctrine governing gathering and utilization of individuals' information
there is a record system in place where information in a record may not be used without the consent of the individual
Impact of IS on IPR: What is Intellectual Property Rights?
Types of IPR
Copyrights
Patents
Trademark
Trade Secrets
What are some challenges posed to IPR?
explain
Solution: the DMCA (Digital Millenium Copyright Act)
What is the impact of IS on accountability and liability laws?
What is one common reason for business failure?
still need to find in textbook
Liability and quality issues
Computer-related liability problems
Data quality and system errors
What is computer crime and how does it affect organizations and individuals?
Computer abuse
Spam
Cybercrime/criminals
How is the quality of life affected by IS?
Power balancing: how the information age might have information in the hands of the powerful more than the less powerful
Reduced response time to competition
Disruption of work-life balance
Why have organizations become dependent and vulnerable by using IS?
Trickle-Down tecnology and Re-engineering job loss
Health risks
Repetitive stress injury
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Computer Vision Syndrome
Racial and Social cleavages
What does the term 'digital divide' mean?
higher income vs low income having unequal access to technology
How does the internet challenge the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property?
What is privacy?
the freedom to be left alone without surveillance or interference from other individuals or firms, including the state
What is the GDPR?
General Data Protection Regulation: any firm operating in any EU country, to get consent for personal data and allowing individuals to be forgetten by Facebook, etc.
Cookies
How are these regulated?
Self-regulation vs legislation: Why do companies prefer the former?
Network Advertising Initiative (NAI)
allows for opt-out
own privacy legislation to help opt-out
Technical Solutions
Do Not Track options
Web beacons
web tracking
Spyware
Opt-in/opt-out models