Vowel Reduction --> Replacing sounds with Schwa ('a' sound) (Anything that is replaced with an 'a' even in the middle)

Greetings - salutations (hey), vocatives (Mum) , Phatic question or compliment

Goodbyes - Winding down comment before verbally signing off " I'd better get going"

One statement or question will trigger a responce ( this is an adjency pair)

Queations and Answers, greetingsw and responses, complaint and excuse, apoligies and responce (acceptance)

The tags we put at the end of a statement to turn into a question. They often signal a speaker relinquishing the floor to another speaker or to check that they understand or agree.

Need to be able to link overlapping speech to situatuonal factors and register

The fillers inserted into speech to get a particular response. They have many functions and are important in packing information,structuring turn- taking and expressing attitudes/ opimions on social relationships.

Some discourse particles are known as hedges or hedging expressions, they reduce the force of what is being saaid to ecpress uncertainty or modesty, create a more friendly less authoratarive utterance and also enables to minimise social distance.