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The Human Body By: Sebastián Hernández Pérez - Coggle Diagram
The Human Body By: Sebastián Hernández Pérez
The nervous system
Its main function is to gather information from the environment, interpret and react to it.
The main cell of the nervous system are the neurons.
Circulatory system
Functions:
Transports blood to deliver important substances to cells and to remove wastes.
Carries disease-fighting materials.
Contains cell fragments and proteins for blood clotting.
Distributes help - regulate body temperature.
Main Organ: Heart
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
How it works
The atria fills with blood.
The atria contracts, filling the ventricles with blood.
The sinoatrial (SA) node sends out signals that cause both atria to contract.
The signal travels to another area in the heart called the atrioventricular node, causing both ventricles to contract.
The respiratory system
Function: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood and between the blood and the body’s cells.
Main organ: Lungs
The digestive system
The main parts of the neuron are:
Axon: Portion of a nerve cell that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrites: Dendrites are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells.
Cell body: Contains genetic information, maintains the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive activities.
Synapse is the connection of two or more neurons.
There are 3 types of neurons:
Sensory neurons: skin & sense organs - brain & spinal cord.
Interneurons: carry the impulse to motor neurons.
Motor neurons: brain & spinal cord - gland & muscles.
Neurotransmitters diffuse across a synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrite of a neighboring neuron.
CNS: Contains Interneurons of the brain and spinal cord, it is in charge of the coordination of all the body’s activities. Sends messages, processes information, and analyzes responses.
PNS: Contains sensory neurons and motor neurons. The nervous system contains neurons which transmit information to motor neurons trough synapse which make us do certain activities.
Specialized cells and tissues within organs receive raw stimuli and translate them into signals the nervous system can use.
Nerves relay the signals to the brain, which interprets them as sight , sound, smell, taste, and touch.
Neurons with myelin carry impulses that are associated with with sharp pain.
Neurons without myelin are involved in dull pain. The action potential travels slower.
A drug is a substance, natural or artificial, that alters the function of the body.
Can cause an increase the amount of a neurotransmitter.
Can block a receptor site on a dendrite.
Drugs that increase alertness and physical activity are stimulants (nicotine, caffeine).
Depressants are drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system (alcohol, inhalants, illegal drugs)
Tolerance occurs when a person needs more and more of the same drug to get the same effect.
The psychological and/or physiological dependence on a drug is addiction.
Nervous System disorders
Vascular disorders
Infections
Structural disorders
Functional disorders
Degeneration
Autoimmune or inflammatory disorders
Strokes
Sudden weakness
Sudden confusion.
Sudden trouble seeing
Sudden trouble walking
Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
Alzheimer
Type of dementia that affects a person’s thinking, behaviour and ability to perform everyday tasks.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a long-term brain condition where a person has repeated seizures.
Parkinson
It results from damage to the nerve cells that produce dopamine.
Leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination.
Blood Vessels circulate blood throughout the body and help keep the blood flowing to and from the heart.
Arteries: large blood vessels from the heart to the body that transport oxygen-rich blood.
Veins: carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
Capillaries: smallest branches. Exchange of important substances and wastes occur.
Pulse: the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall caused by contraction of the left ventricle
Blood pressure: a measure of how much pressure is exerted against the vessel walls by the blood
Blood Components
Platelets: Crucial in blood clot formation and
produce fibrin
White blood cells: Body disease fighters developed in marrow.
Plasma:
Yellowish fluid portion > 50%
Transport
Eliminate wastes
Red blood cells:
Carry oxygen
Developed in marrow
Contain hemoglobin
Circulatory System Disorders
Atherosclerosis
Blood flow reduced or blocked.
Vessels can burst.
Can lead to heart attack or stroke.
Anemia
Anemia happens when you do not have enough red blood cells.
This is due to your organs not receiving the oxygen they need to do their jobs.
Hypertension
The force or pressure of the blood flowing through the vessels is consistently too high.
High blood pressure can lead to stroke, loss of vision, heart failure, heart attack, kidney disease.
Venous thromboembolism
A medical condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein.
Leukemia
Blood cell and bone marrow cancer.
Breathing: Mechanical movement into and out of your lungs.
Respiration
Internal: Blood - body’s cells.
External: Atmosphere - blood.
The epiglottis allows air to pass from the larynx to the trachea.
The trachea branches into two large tubes, called bronchi, which lead to the lungs.
Alveoli: Are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF):
Causes thick mucus to build up in the lungs, pancreas, and other parts of the body. Leads to blockages, infections, and other damage.
A life-threatening genetic disorder.
CF is a chronic, progressive, life-threatening condition, but early treatment can improve lung function and prolong life.
Function: break down food so nutrients can be absorbed by the body.
Ingestion
Absorbition
Elimination
Mechanical Digestion: chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces
Chemical Digestion: breakdown of large molecules in food into smaller substances by enzymes.
Enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Amylase: carbohydrates into sugars.
Pepsin: involved in chemical digestion of proteins.
Peristalsis: waves of muscle contraction during digestion.
The completion of chemical digestion in the small intestine depends on:
Pancreas: produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Liver: produces bile, which helps break down fats.
Gallbladder: stores excess bile
Food nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream through fingerlike structures called villi.
A semiliquid fluid called chyme, moves to the large intestine.
Digestive System Disorders
Crohn’s disease:
A long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract.
Celiac Disease:
Is a chronic digestive and immune disorder that damages the small intestine.
