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7.1, Principles, 7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: the Sugar…
7.1
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term: carbohydrates
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definition: aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis
include the classes...
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oligosaccharides
definition: short chains of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds
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polysaccharides
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ex: cellulose (linear), glycogen (branched)
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Principles
Carbohydrates can have multiple chiral carbons; the configuration of groups around each carbon atom determines how the compound interacts with other biomolecules
Monosaccharide subunits, monosaccharides, serve as the building blocks of large carbohydrate polymers
The sequences of complex polysaccharides are determined by the intrinsic properties of the biosynthetic enzymes that add each monomeric unit to the growing polymer
Storage of low molecular weight metabolites in polymeric form avoids the very high osmolarity that would result from storing them as individual monomers
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An almost infinite variety of discrete structures can be built from a small number of monomeric subunits.
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7.1 Polysaccharides
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most carbohydrates in nature occur as polysaccharides (Mr>20,000), also called glycans
7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
glycoconjugate: biologically active molecule consisting of an informational carbohydrate joined to a protein or lipid
proteoglycans: macromolecules of the cell surface or ECM consisting of 1+ sulfated glycosaminoglycan chain(s) joined covalently to a membrane protein or secreted protein
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Proteoglycan aggregates: supramolecular assemblies of many core proteins all bound to a single molecule of hyaluronan
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glycomics: the systematic characterization of all carbohydrate components of a given cell or tissue, including those attached to proteins and to lipids