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Social and cultural Change - Coggle Diagram
Social and cultural Change
expansion of the mass media
Television
replaced cinema as entertainment
1961 - 75% of pop had TV, 1971 - 91%
ITV launched 1955, BBC2 in April 1964 - became first channel to broadcast regular coloured programmes 1967
Radio
spread of cheap and portable radios
beginning of 1960s only 3 BBC radio stations. pirate stations - e.g radio Luxemburg - for youth in 1964
BBC pop radio station - radio one
newspapers
The Sun launched 1964 - set out to be 'the only newspaper born of the age we live in'
1969 - Sun bought by Australian Tycoon Rupert Murdoch - associated it with more permissive attitudes.
growth in leisure activities
Home leisure
1969 - Tv accounted for 23% leisure time
DIY and gardening popular hobbies
decrease in live events
live theatre, especially outside major cities
football matches
increase in car ownership
car accounted for 77% of journeys (up 39& from 1954.)
cars became more affordable
leisure travel
1951 - 27 million holidays in total, 1971 - 41 million
Britannia airways founded 1964 - largely for middle classes
impact of scientific developments
everyday developments
media - television and radio
travel
fashion
contraceptive pill
new household appliances
Other developments
1961 first person in space, 1969 USA landed on moon
Anglo-French partnership crafted supersonic aircraft
post-office tower opened 1965 (improve telecommunications)
reduction in censorship
Theatre
billl to abolish theatre censorship passed 1968 (support of Roy Jenkins)
permitted nudity on stage
celebrated - 13 members of cast of 'Hair' faced audience naked 30 seconds
prior to bill - theatre owners could be prosecuted if play not approved by Lord Chamberlain's Office
Films
still under strict categorisation by British Board of Film Censors
films grew more daring - e.g Darling (1965) and Alfie (1966)
on screen violence more acceptable and explicit
helped develop more liberal attitudes
progress toward female equality
traditional beliefs still imposed
girl's education still carried domestic slant, and girls frequently left school at minimum age and ,married young.
most womens jobs avaliable in clerical or service sectors (no prospects & poor pay.)
working mothers potrayed as selfish by media
childminders rare and private nurseries only avaliable to wealthy
women only accounted 28% of work force and 5% of women ever reached managerial post
Second wave feminism
began in US - Betty Friedman published 'The Feminine Mystique in 19673
spread to Britain
number of illegitimate births rose from 5.8% in 1960 to 8.2% 1970
number of marriages ending in divorce rose
Women's National Co-ordination Commitee 1969 demands
equal pay
free contraception and abortion request
equal education and job opportunties
free 24-hour childcare
Progress made
1970 Matrimonial Property Act -
work of wife, whether in paid employment or in home, should be taken in to account of divorce settlements
1970 Equal Pay Act -
established principle of equal pay for equal work (not enforced for a further 5 years.)
National Health Service Family Planning Act 1967 -
allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and contraceptive advice
changes in moral attitude and the 'permissive' society
Critics - decline in moral standards
Catholic Church hostile to contraceptive pill
moral campaginer - Mary whitehouse
setting up National Viewers' and Listeners' assoiation 1965 - soon had 100,000 members
failed to have impact on media shown
Spread through media
'teen' magazines, uncensored novels
radio and television
by end of decade, sexually transmitted diseases on rise
Spread of drug culture
Cocaine and heroine addiction 10x more prevelant in first half 1960s, use of soft drugs commonplace by end of decade
'hippy lifestyle' promoted drug culture and Beatles LSD
Dangerous Drugs Act 1967
unlawful to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine
1970 - maximum sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years imprisonmemt
degree to which liberal permissiveness influenced attitudes
Surveys by Schofield (1965) and Gorer (1969) found most people either virgins when married or married first and only sexual partner
mixture of ignorance and social constraints remained
youth culture
new subcultures
skinheads - shaven heads, braces, and Dr Marten boots
Hippies - 'flower power' favoured alternative lifestyles
fashion
London briefly fashion capital of world
women wore trousers, men wore satins, velvets and brightly coloured fabrics
music
pirate radio stations, BBC Radio One from 1967
Top of the Pops 1964
moral standards
greater questionning about previous norms regarding drugs and sex
alcoholl, tobbacco and caffeine used more than drugs (1969 survey.)
anti-vietnam war riots
Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) set up 1965
1968 protest - 'Battle of Grosvenor Square' (200 people arrested)
demonstration Oct 1968 - 30,00 people took part
issues of immigration and race
Issues
1965 survey in North London - 1 in 5 objected to working with ethnic minorities, half said they would refuse to live next door to a black person, 9/10 disapproved of mixed marriages.
Attempts to improve
1965 - Race Relations Act (forbade discrimination in public places on grounds of colour, however discrimination in housing and employment was excluded.)
Complaints referred to Race Relations Board (handled 982 complaints in first year, 734 dismissed due to lack of evidence.)
Race Relations Act 1968 - banned racical discrimination in housing, employment, insurance, and other services
loopholes - complaints against police excluded from law
growth in immigration
Feb 1968 - alarm over sudden inlux of Kenyan Asians
Commonwealth Immigration Act - limited right of return to Britain for non-white commonwealth citizens
Enoch Powell 'Rivers of Blood Speech' April 1968
sacked from shadow cabinet
Gallup poll found 75% of population supported what Powell said
Positive changes
Notting Hill Carnival annual event from 1964
appearance of Asian corner shops and Chinese takeaway