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2. RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
2.1.RELIGIOUS WARS
In
1521
,
the Church
excommunicated Luther
attempted to prosecute him for heresy
Luther
received the protection of the German nobles
German nobles
They saw an
opportunity to increase their possessions
And
their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
.
Carlos I (Carlos V)
the
Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain
was appointed
Emperor in 1519 (as Carlos V)
He was a devout Catholic
He
tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church
Diet of Worms
A meeting
But no agreement was reached
The
Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants
but they
referred as the Reformed
German
situation:
The Emperor supported
The Pope
Church
Protestant German princes supported
Luther
formed an alliance called the
Schmalkaldic League
Peace of Augsburg
was signed in
1555
Under which the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
Religious wars
France
Catholics vs Protestants
second half of the 16th century
the
massacre of Protestants on
St. Bartholomew's Day
1572
Edict of Nantes
End the conflict
1598
King Henry IV
signed
Protestants had a certain amount of religious freedom
Low Countries
War of Independence or
Eighty Years' War
1568-1648
Was
both a rebellion
against Spanish rule
a
civil war: Calvinists vs Catholics
Victory of the Calvinists
in the northern provinces
British Isles
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1639-1651
Catholics vs Anglicans vs Puritans
England, Scotland and Ireland
Anglicans gaining power
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
in Switzerland the Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet for his religious beliefs
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions
2.2.THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Counter-Reformation
Was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
1545 - 1563
Established by the Catholic Church’s
3
Internal reform
The repression of Protestantism
The clarification of their teachings
3 action
Internal reform
Measures
were taken to resolve
internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
Bishops
were more
strictly controlled
The
sale of indulgences was prohibited
Religious orders were reformed
Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola
1534
The
Jesuits
became the
main group responsible for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation
.
The repression of Protestantism
Followers were considered
heretics
The Inquisition
was
reinforced
Index of forbidden books
opposed the Catholic faith
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
Those principles
observing the seven sacraments
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
