Marissa Murillo P.7 Reproductive Sys. Concept Map
Male Reproductive Anatomy
Testes - primary gonad, it works to produce sperm and hormones, ovoid structures, consisting of 250 lobules separated by connective tissue, each of these lobules containing seminiferous tubules that are lined with stratified epithelium tissue which contain spermatogenic cells (help make sperm) and interstitial cells in between the seminiferous tubules give rise to sex hormones. From the seminiferous tubules the sperm goes into the epididymis.
Epididymis - a c shaped structure that coils around the testes tightly, leads sperm from the testes to the ductus/vas deferens, is the site of sperm maturation which helps the sperm become mobile and capable of fertilizing an egg. From here, the sperm goes into the ductus/vas deferens.
Vas deferens/ ductus deferens - a tube leading from the epididymis to the body cavity, it meets at the prostate gland right next to the seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicles (sack-like, attached to vas deferens, near urinary bladder, secretes a fluid that makes a large portion of semen, containing fructose that nourishes sperm and an alkaline pH to help neutralize the acidic pH in the vagina)
Prostate gland - a chestnut like gland that surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder, also located near it is the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles, secretes a thin, milky fluid which has citrate (is a nutrient for sperm) and prostate specific antigen which works to help liquefy semen ( a reproductive fluid that goes through the urethra to the outside during ejaculation, it contains sperm as well as the products of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland)
Bulbourethral gland under the prostate, helps produce mucus to lubricate penis for intercourse when stimulated
Ejaculatory duct - a pathway that is inferior to the seminal gland, where the products of the prostate, bulbourethral gland as well as the seminal vesicles and sperm combine, leads to urethra to exit.
Urethra a tube like the ductus deferens that starts at the middle of the prostate gland and leads through the penis, this is the pathway of semen and urine and how it gets out of the body, the ejaculatory duct empties its contents in here during ejaculation and that's how it is emitted and the bladder leads urine through the urethra as well.
Scrotum - a pouch of skin (subcutaneous tissue) that houses testes, suspended from lower abdomen and is posterior to the penis, an external organ, works to protect and regulate temperature of the testes as sperm production has its limitations and requires a specific temperature
Penis -cylindrical organ that conveys both urine and semen out of the body via the urethra. has special erectile tissue corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum that stiffens the penis when stimulated for intercourse (corpus cavernosa also enlarges at the distal end of the penis to form glans penis which is covered loosely by a fold of skin called prepuce. is responsible for conveying the sperm to the female through intercourse, an erection = when sexually stimulated, nitric oxide increases the blood flow to it, the vasodilation of the arteries in the region being responsible for the swelling and elongation of the organ, during ejaculation the semen is forced out of the urethra out the body after sympathetic impulses constrict the arteries once again, causing the penis to become flaccid again.
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovaries - primary gonad, a solid ovoid structure located at the lateral wall of pelvic cavity, has an inner medulla and an outer cortex, the cortex contains ovarian follicles and is covered by cuboidal epithelium while the medulla consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves). Primordial follicles form from the group of cells in ovarian cortex during prenatal development. There are 2 ovaries
Uterine tubes akin to vas deferens, this organ is also called oviducts, fallopian tubes, its job is to lead the ovary to the uterus, when fertilization happens this is the site of fertilization, at the ends of the uterine tubes are fimbrae or large fingerlike appendages, and the infundibulum is also at the end, this organ has cilia to help draw the egg closer to the uterus (they are all synchronized)
Uterus - a hollow muscular organ that is medial to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, has a body, a fundus (the upper two thirds of the organ), cervix (lower third that crosses into the vagina) . This uterus sheds the inner lining, endometrium, each month, the first time it happens its called menarche while the last time is called menopause and the cycle is called the menstruation cycle. This organ is also responsible for housing and nourishing the fetus/ embryo when it is fertilized, it is where the baby lives. It also has three linings, an middle myometrium, a perimeter of perimetrium, and an inner endometrium. From the cervix the uterus leads into the vagina. During pregnancy the cervix dialates to help the baby through.)
Vagina - a fibromuscular tube that leads from the uterus to the outside, it is covered in a membrane called hymen, the wall of the vagina is three layers, it functions to convey uterine secretions, works with the male reproductive system, and it also works as a birthing canal.
Labia Minora and Labia Majora - labia minora are flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora that form a hood around the clitoris, labia majora, on the other hand, work to enclose and protect other external reproductive organs like the male scrotum, the anterior ends of the labia majora form to make mons pubis which covers pubic symphysis. The vulva (structure that surrounds openings of urethra and the vagina) is covered by the labia.
Clitoris a projection at the end of the vulva that corresponds to a penis, has abundant sensory nerve endings and helps protect the opening, has erectile tissue.
Vestibule a space enclosed by the labia minora, into which the vagina and urethra open, lies on either side of the vaginal opening, corresponds to the bulbourethral glands
Hormones of the Reproductive Systems
Testosterone - is produced by testes, stimulates development of reproductive organs, responsible for secondary sex characteristics like deep voice, body hair, thickening of the skin, and increased muscular and skeletal growth,
Estrogen is produced by the ovaries, adrenal cortex, and placenta with progesterone, is responsible for secondary sex characteristics like breast development, increased vascularization, different distribution of fat, triggered by ovaries to release, which is controlled by puberty, at as early as ten years old the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland which then releases lutenizing hormone ( a burst of this causes ovulation) and follicle stimulating hormone which assists the reproductive system, while progesterone, released in the same way as estrogen, helps trigger uterine changes during the menstrual cycle, estrogens also raise during the menstrual cycle,
functions to deliver sperm to female, produce sperm, produce sex hormones, convey urine and semen to outside
functions to produce and maintain sex cells (oocytes + egg cells), transport the sex cells to the site of fertilization, nourish and shelter developing fetus, deliver offspring
Contraception
Disorders of the Reproductive System
Chemical Barriers like a spermicide ( to kill sperm) are usually more effective with a mechanical barrier, come in creams, foams, and jellies
Mechanical Barriers such as internal and external condoms, diaphragm, anything that prevents sperm from entering vaginal orifice physically, latex condoms are better for this typically
Behavioral methods such as withdrawing the penis before ejaculation (coitus interruptus) and a rhythmic cycle of abstaining from sexual contact based off of guesses of your partners ovulation cycle typically aren't as effective as other options ( the best behavioral contraception method is to not have sex at all)
Combined hormone contraceptives often contain estrogen and progesterone to disrupt the hormonal patterns of the reproductive cycle work to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation
Injectable contraception a shot every three months of a progesterone derivative that alters the reproductive cycle preventing follicle maturation, also available as an implant under the arm that does the same thing except as a slower release (lasts longer)
Intrauterine Devices an object implanted in the uterus toxic to sperm/ eggs inhibiting growth of the endometrium which prevents fertilization and incubation
Sterilization a permanent method of birth control, is seen as a vasectomy (getting the vas deferens snipped and tied off) or a tubal ligation (when the fallopian tubes are snipped and tied off), are seen as irreversible
Genital Herpes is an STD caused by herpes simplex viruses and is very common, it consists of sores around genitals, the mouth, and the rectum, there is no cure for the disease but antiviral medicine may be given to someone who is dealing with it, you can avoid it by abstaining from sex or using latex condoms
HIV/AIDS also known as human immunodeficiency disorder later progresses into autoimmune deficiency disorder or aids, is a disease that weakens someones immune system by destroying important cells, can be transmitted through shared needles, through the transmission of blood, semen, and other bodily fluids, and namely through intercourse, can be treated by antiretroviral therapy but as of yet does not have a cure, can be prevented by abstinance, not sharing needles, prevention meds and safe sex
Hepatitis a sexually transmitted disease, it has hepatitis A, B and C, as A progresses it becomes B and as B progresses it becomes C, can lead to many health problems namely involving the liver, mild symptoms might arise then become something much bigger, you can get vaccinated or get tested for it, 3.2 M people have hepatitis C
Syphilis is an STI that can cause serious complications if not treated, consists of a primary, secondary, latent and tertiary stage( primary eventually progresses into secondary, tertiary is as its most progressed) symptoms are based off of progression, like sores at the sight of infection, a rash, swollen lymph nodes, or other severe medical problems if not treated, it can be cured with antibiotics but the antibiotics don't reverse any affects by any means, to prevent it you can abstain or have a monogamous relationship with only one sexual partner
Chlamydia is a common STD affecting both sexes, it can damage a woman's reproductive system if not treated, it can be transmitted through intercourse with someone who has chlamydia (without ejaculation) and can return to people who previously had it, the symptoms consist of rectal pain, vaginal or rectal bleeding, genital discharge, pain with urination, or just pain in general, you can treat it with prescription meds but you can also avoid it through not having sex, using condoms or only having sex with a trusted partner
Gonorrhea is an STD that can infect the genitals, rectum, and throat , it is transmitted by intercourse with someone with the disease, or a pregnant mother may pass it down to her child when they are born, the disease results in a burn or pain with urination, discharge, painful bowel movements, anal itching, soreness, and bleeding between periods, typically, to combat this, medicine is prescribed by a doctor, to avoid it you can have an honest relationship and avoid sex
Trichomoniasis is an STD caused by a parasite Trichomonias Vaginalis, its the most common curable STD, a lot of people are asymptomatic when they have it, its transmitted through any form of sexual contact, the symptoms of it consist of mild irritation, some inflamation, itching of the genitals, discharge, painful urination/ ejaculation, it cannot be diagnosed but can be cured by a single dose of metronidazole or trichomoniasis, you can avoid it by not having sex or using latex condoms when you do
Human Papillomavirus is the most common STI, can lead to some complications including genital warts and cancer, is treatable in most cases, can spread through intercourse of any kind, many people are asymptomatic but it can cause issues such as genital warts, cervical cancer, and other cancers, it does not have a cure but you can treat the underlying conditions it causes through prescription meds, an HPV vaccine is available to avoid it or you can get screened for it, either that or practicing safe sex or abstaining from it would help lower the risk of possibly transmitting it
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is the infection of a woman's reproductive organs and is a complication resulting from some STIS, its transmitted through intercourse of any kind, the symptoms of it are lower abdomen pain, discharge, and bleeding between periods, it can be treated with antibiotics and medicine but anything it causes cant be reversed, use of condoms,examination by doctor, and informing your doctor of something weird might help detect and prevent the disease before it causes damage.
Bacterial Vaginosis is a condition that happens when there is too much bacteria in the vagina, it can be detected through a thin grey vaginal discharge, an odor coming from the vagina, burning when urinating and itching, there is nothing known for sure about the causes but it can be spread through douching, toilet seats, swimming pools and bedding, it might be treated with antibiotics should you have the disease, to avoid it you can avoid douching and sex or just limiting your sex partners and using condoms