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Spain: The Bourbon Restoration, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Spain: The Bourbon Restoration
The Reign of Alfonso XII (1875-1885) and the regency of Maria Cristina (1885-1902)
When the First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874, a military uprising proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain
The person behind the Bourbon Restoration was the politician Cánovas del Castillo, who re-established a constitutional monarchy
The reign of Alfonso XII was a period of political stability for Spain
There were no more military uprisings
The economy grew thanks to the new political system set up by Cánovas del Castillo, known as the Canovist system
The Constitution of 1876 recognised a constitutional monarchy as the only legal form of government and shared sovereignty between the monarch and the Cortes
The type of suffrage was determined by each alternating government, but in 1890, universal male suffrage was re-established
Bipartisanship was established which was a system of two alternating official political parties
The Conservative government was led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
The Liberal government was led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Caciquismo in rural areas allowed elections to be manipulated and guaranteed the victory of the party previously chosen by the governmen
The groups that supported the Canovist system and the reign of Alfonso XII were the army, the Catholic Church, landowners and middle-class business owners, who all wanted political stability
Groups that support the reign of Alfonso XII and the groups that do not
The groups that supported the Canovist system and the reign of Alfonso XII were the army, the Catholic Church, landowners and middle-class business owners, who all wanted political stability
The groups that did not support Alfonso XII were republicans, anarchists and socialists, who were excluded from politics by this system; the areas of nationalism and regionalism that were marginalised by the centralised state system; and the Carlists, who Alfonso XII fought and defeated in the Third Carlist war
When Alfonso XII died in 1885, Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta signed the Pact of El Pardo, an agreement to support the regency of María Cristina of Austria, who was regent until her son Alfonso XIII came of age in 1902
The Disaster of 98
The Disaster of 98 originated from a colonial conflict, the war with Cuba and the Philippines (it happened during the regency of María Cristina)
The consequences of the defeat
the appearance of regenerationism led by Joaquin Costa that proposed the need for a renewal of the Spanish political system by the removal of the Canovist system and educational reform
The economic crisis caused by the loss of the colonial market
The demoralisation of the Spanish people due to the loss of human life and the disastrous action of the Spanish government
The involvement of the United States
The United States was the biggest buyer of Cuban sugar and tobacco but because of Spain's protectionist policy it could only sell 32% of their production in Cuba
The United States Government offered to buy the island from Spain, but Spain refused to sell it so United States decided to support the Spanish colony in its fight for independence
The excuse for the United States to enter the war was the accidental explosion of the American warship Maine, in the port of Havana, causing the death of 261 American sailors
The United States Government blamed the Spanish government for the explosion and declared war
The causes and development of the conflict
The causes of the conflict
The demands of the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie for political autonomy and economic freedom
The rejection of the demands of the Creole bourgeoisie by the dominant Spanish class because the colonial economy favoured the sale of their products and the rejection of Cuban autonomy
The two sides met in conflict during the Cuban War (1895–1898) led by José Martí
The Philippines followed Cuba's example with a pro-independence uprising
In 1898, the United States intervened in favour of Cuba and the Philippines and defeated the Spanish fleet
Spain had to sign the Treaty of Paris (1898) in which it granted independence to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States
The reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1931)
The development of the workers' movement
The workers' movement continued to fight for better working conditions with the use of demonstrations, strikes and, in some cases, violence
The trade unions supported and coordinated the movement
Examples of trade unions
The anarchist syndicate, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
The socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)
They achieved some important concessions
The creation of a pension system for retired workers
New laws to regulate female and child labour
An eight-hour working day and six-day working week
Legal recognition for trade unions
War in Morocco
Because of the Disaster of 98 and the loss of its last colonies, the Spanish government decided to regain international prestige by trying to obtain new territories
Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco (1912) after the Conference of Algeciras that divided Morocco between Spain and France in 1906
Spain's presence in Morocco was opposed by the local population, which led to the outbreak of war (1909–1927)
The consequences that the war with Morocco had for Spain
Tragic Week (1909)
Spanish reservists were sent to the war in Morocco
In Barcelona there was a popular protest led by workers and families of soldiers, which was brutally suppressed by the army
Annual disaster (1921)
Spanish troops were defeated at Annual in Morocco, and many soldiers lost their lives
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876 was still in effect, but the system of alternating governments began to collapse due to internal divisions in both parties (Liberals and Conservatives) and other parties started to increase their members and political activity
Regionalist parties
They advocated autonomy for their region, for example, the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) and the Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya (LRC)
The government allowed the creation of regional associations (Mancomunidad de Cataluña 1914)
Republican parties
They advocated the establishment of a republic
The socialist Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)
They advocated the access of the working class to political power
In 1921 it divided and the Partido Comunista Español (PCE) was formed
The military problem
Spanish public opinion was very critical
Because of the defeats of the army in Morocco and because of the extensive involvement of the military in Spanish political life as the army was charged with repressing demonstrations and strikes
Compulsory military service also created discontent, as it mostly affected the poor and members of the working class
Wealthier people could avoid military service by paying a special fee but it was abolished in 1912
The accumulation of problems created a climate of political instability and finally, the government was overthrown by a military coup in 1923 led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera
This coup was approved and supported by the king (Alfonso XIII) and it ended with Primo de Rivera establishing a dictatorship
Alfonso XIII became king in 1902 and he a series of problems which eventually led to the end of the constitutional monarchy established by his father
Regionalism and nationalism
They were a response to the centralism of the Canovist system and defended the particular characteristics of each region
Catalan nationalism
It originated in 1891, when Enric Prat de la Riba wrote the Bases de Manresa in which he called for Catalan autonomy
In 1901, the Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya was founded, led by Francesc Cambó
Basque nationalism
It called for the independence of País Vasco
In 1895, Sabino Arana founded the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
Galician nationalism
It fought to protect Galician identity and tried to gain autonomy
In 1890, the Asociación Regionalista Gallega was formed. Its leaders were Alfredo Brañas and Alfonso Castel
Andalusian regionalism
It wanted to solve social problems, such as high unemployment, but no political party was formed until the 20th century
