Reproductive System Adriana Bonilla Period 1
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Anatomy of male reproductive system
Major functions of the reproductive system (male and female)
Anatomy of female reproductive system
Hormones of the reproductive system
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
male
Female
4 of the same tasks: 1. Form specialized cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction 2. Sexual intercourse (copulation) brings female and male gametes together 3. Combine genetic info contained within gametes through fertilization. Then this forms the zygote after the sperm and egg fuse which is the first cell of a body arises 4. Support development of the fetus (gestation) and birth of the baby (parturition)
Gamete: ova(egg)
Male
Female
Estrogen : maintains reproductive system
progesterone: regulating menstruation and supporting pregnancy.
testosterone: stimulates sperm production & secondary sex characteristics
Both
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Reached anterior pituitary gland via hypophyseal after being released from hypothalamus
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH): gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Inhibin: released from gonads. exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Testes: sperm producing gonads that lie within scrotum. 3°C lower than core body temperature which is necessary for sperm production. It is split into 2 tunics
System of ducts that sperm gets carried through
Ductus Deferens: ~45 cm long. Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity. iT joins the seminal vesicle to from the ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory Duct:
Urethra: : conveys both urine and semen separately.
Epidymus: Made up of the head, body, and tail. This is where sperm matures.Sperm is stored in the head until ejaculation. It contracts and releases sperm into ductus deferens.
Scrotum : Sac of skin that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
Tunica Vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum Tunica albuguinea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Semineferous tubules: site of sperm production
Spermatic cord: encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply
testes
Testicular Cancer: Rare but most common in men ages ages 15-35. Risk Factors: Mumps lead into orchitis (inflammation of the testis.) Cryptorchidism is most common risk factor. Not much symptoms other than a solid mass in testes. Surgically removed up to 90%
Vasectomy: the cutting and ligating of the ductus deferens which is nearly 100% effective
Penis: male copulatory organ. Contains root and shaft that ends in glans penis, prepuce (foreskin) which covers flans
Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection: penis enlarges and becomes rigid due to erectile tissue filling with blood
Prostatis or Prostate Cancer: Third most common cancer deaths and affects 1 of 6 men in the us. Treated with surgery and radiation or treated with drugs that block testosterone
synthesis or action
Semen: milky white mixture of sperm and accessory glands that contain fructose fro ATP production, protects & activates sperm, facilitates sperm movement
Fallopian tubes: site of fertilization:
cervix: acts as a door to the uterus where sperm can travel through to fertilize eggs
ovaries: every month a ripened follicle ejects on oocyte. (2 on either side )
Vagina: functions as a passage for menstrual fluid, a birth canal, and organ of copulation
uterus
fimbriae: drape over ovaries and guides the egg
endometrium: lining of uterus. place where ferilized eggs attach to
myometrium: middle layer, smooth muscles.
infundibulum: funnel shaped opening into peritoneal cavity
Gamete: sperm
Ovarian cycle: has 2 phases follicular and luteal between these phases is when ovulation occurs
External Condoms: mechanical; put on penis every time engaged in sexual intercourse. It is 88-98% effective and provides protection against some STDs. Side effects may include allergic reaction or or irritation
Injectables: (chemical) injection of progesterone derivative which prevents follicle maturation and ovulation 96-99.8% effective, side effects may include weight gain
Internal Condoms: (mechanical) in vagina, must be use everytime you have sex, it can provide protection agaisnt some STD's, it's 79-95%. It may cause allergic reactions or irritation
Pills: pills can contains estrogen or progesterone to to prevent pregnancy by disrupting normal hormonal pattern of female cycle. It is 93-99.5% effective. Side effects include nausea, breast tenderness, cause a risk for blood clots, or good side effects such as reducing cramps, acne, and ovarian and cancer risk
Fertility awareness: (behavioral) monitor fertility signs and abstain or use condoms on fertile day. it is 76-95% effective with no side effects
IUD: objects implanted can be toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of the endometrium. It is 99.5-99.9% effective. Side effects include heavier/longer periods, discomfort, and can even reduce cramps
Diaphragm: (mechanical) Use every sexual intercourse interaction by inserting into vagina with spermicide. It is 82-86% effectice. Side effects include allergic reaction, irritation, or urinary tract infection
Withdrawl: (behavioral) pull penis out of vagina before ejaculating. It is 80-95% effective with no side effects
Tubal ligation(females):(surgical) uterine tubes get cut which prevents sperm from reaching the egg It is 99.5% effectiveness. Side effects include pain, bleeding, and risk of infection
Gonorrhea: causes infections in genitals, rectum, and throat. Common among 15-24 year olds. Transmission: sexual activity with infected person, passed from mother to child. Symptoms are unusual discharge and can be treated with antibiotics. use condoms to prevent infection or abstain from sex
Syphilis: divided into stages: primary, secondary, latent, or tertiary. If it's not treated it can cause major health problems. It is transmitted through direct contact with a sore, or transfers from mom to child. Symptoms include sores, rashes, or in some cases none. It is treated with antibiotics and is prevented with condom and abstinence
chlamydia: std common in both men and women. May cause permanent damage to women's reproductive system by making it difficult to get pregnant. Can be passed from mother to child or sex with another infected person. Symptoms include abnormal discharge. Treated with antibiotics.use condoms to prevent infection or abstain from sex
click to edit
follicular phase: FSH affects vesicular (anal) follicles. the growth a development follicle is sensitive to FSH. These levels drops in the middle of the phase. It is in preparation for eventual egg release
Ovulation: The ovary wall ruptures. the secondary oocyte is expelled. On the 14th day the egg is fully matured and expelled after ovulation. Estrogen levels decrease . The LH ruptures follicle. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone. LH/FSh dont release(negative feedback
Luteal phase: ruptured follicle collapses. antrum fills with blood. Corpus luteum activity is result of extra cells. They secrete estrogen and progesterone. The corpus luteum scars ans becomes corpus albias if pregnancy doesn't occur.
Menstration
day 1-5: Low ovarian hormones and increase in gonadotropin levels. Uterus lining is not used
Days 6-14: proliferation/preovulatory phase: the endometrium lining becomes thick and estrogen levels are high
days 15-28: secretory/ postovulatory phase: progesterone is secreted from corpus luteum clear fluid is produced.