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Spain: The Bourbon Restoration, The First Spanish Republic ended in…

- - - - no more military uprisings
      - The economy grew
        
        nder the stabilising impact of the new political system
        
        set up by Cánovas del Castillo,
        
        known as the Canovist system
    - - recognised a constitutional monarchy as the only legal form of government
      - shared sovereignty between the monarch and the Cortes
      - The type of suffrage
        
        was determined by each alternating government
      - In 1890
        
        universal male suffrage was re-established
    - - a system of two alternating official political parties
        
        The Conservative government
        
        led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
        
        the Liberal government
        
        led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
    - - allowed elections to be manipulated
        
        guaranteed the victory of the party previously chosen by the government
    - - the Canovist system
        
        the Catholic Church
        
        landowners
        
        who all wanted political stability
        
        the arm
        
        middle-class business owners
      - the reign of Alfonso XII
      - there was opposition from
        
        anarchists
        
        who were excluded from politics by this system
        
        socialists
        
        republicans
        
        the areas of nationalism and regionalism
        
        that were marginalised by the centralised state system
        
        the Carlists
        
        who Alfonso XII fought and defeated in the Third Carlist war
    - - Sagasta
        
        signed the Pact of El Pardo
        
        to support the regency of María Cristina of Austria
        
        She was regent
        
        until her son Alfonso XIII
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cánovas del Castillo
      - in 1885
- - - - which eventually led to the end of
        
        the constitutional monarchy
        
        established by his father Alfonso XII
  - - - but system of alternating governments began to collapse
        
        due to internal divisions in both parties
        
        other parties
        
        increasing their members and political activity
        
        Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)
        
        republican parties
        
        regionalist parties
        
        Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
        
        Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya (LRC)
        
        Mancomunidad de Cataluña (1914)
  - - - continued to fight for better working conditions
        
        with the use of
        
        strikes
        
        violence
        
        demonstrations
      - The trade unions supported and coordinated the movement
        
        in particular
        
        Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)
        
        They achieved some important concessions
        
        the creation of a pension system for retired workers.
        
        new laws to regulate female and child labour.
        
        an eight-hour working day and six-day working week.
        
        legal recognition for trade unions
        
        Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
  - - - the Spanish government decided to
        
        regain international prestige by trying to obtain new territories
        
        after Morocco was divided between Spain and France,
        
        Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco
        
        at the Conference of Algeciras
        
        Spain's presence in Morocco
        
        was opposed by the local population
        
        which led to the outbreak of war
        
        it had negative consequences for Spain
        
        2 more items...
  - - - the government was overthrown
        
        by a military coup in 1923
        
        approved of by the king
        
        led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera
        
        established a dictatorship
      - created a climate of political instability
    - - Compulsory military service also created discontent
        
        Wealthier people could avoid military service
        
        by paying a special fee
        
        as it mostly affected the poor and members of the working class
      - because of the extensive involvement of the military in Spanish political life
        
        as the army was charged with repressing demonstrations and strikes
      - because of its defeats in Morocco