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HISTORY REVISION - America - Coggle Diagram
HISTORY REVISION - America
Why were the Native Americans able to
successfully survive on the Great Plains?
Lifestyle
Nomadic
Followed the buffalo and moved with the seasons. Tipis suited this as they were quick to put up and take down.
Tipis
Could withstand the weather as they were circular in shape. Hot in winter and cool in summer
Buffalo
Relied on the buffalo for every aspect of their lives. Used every part. Buffalo also sacred and spiritual.
Warfare
Scalping
Native Americans would scalp their enemy to stop them from meeting again in the afterlife.
Dog Soldiers
Protected the ribe at all costs. Warriors.
Cheyenne and Sioux
Tribes would fight each other to get horses and buffalo. Very aggressive
Counting Coup
Natives believed a dead indian was not a good indian so they would tap their enemy with a stick to show how close they could get without dying!
Culture
Orginisation of the tribe
Everyone had a role in the tribe.
Women: prepared the camp, tipi, buffalo and children
Men: hunting protecting the tribe
Children: learned from their parents. Lookouts.
Elderly
Storytellers.
Exposure: putting the good of the tribe first. When they were too old they willing were left to die
Government
The Chief: figurehead but did not make all decisions alone
Dog Soldiers: organised buffalo hunt
Democratic society - everyone could have their say
Hunting
Hunted buffalo mainly. Only killed as many as needed and never killed female or calfs.
Horses and guns made hunting the buffalo a lot easier. The also used bows and arrows and spears.
3 main ways to hunt
Jump
Chase
-Stampede
Beliefs
Wakan Tanka
Great spirit
Medicine Men
Spiritual advisor. Oversees religious ceremonies.
Nature's Great Circle
Balance and harmony. Respect for all living things. Circle of life.
Land
Land was sacred so they believed in no ownership of land = nomadic
Early Settlers
Mormon
Moved because of
- Religious Persecution
Moved between
-1830's and 1840's.
Known as
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints
Gold Miners
Benefits
- Opened up the west, - cities were made, e.g: San Francisco.
Costs
- People did not make a lot of money. Mining towns gigantic source of crime and racism.
The Reality
- The journey was so long and difficult, by the time they got there there was no gold left.
Push Factor
- High unemployment and economic depression.
Pull Factor
- Gold discovered in California 1848. Many believed they would make a fortune.
First Farmers
1830 - 1840
Journey
- Followed Oregon trail. Journey took months. Harsh weather, mountains, rivers, lack of resources, disease cannibalsim.
Pull Factors
- Adventure, jobs, fertile land in california, propoganda, Manifest Destiny.
Push Factors
- High unemployment, expensive land, economic depression
Mountain Men
Traded
-Hunted and trapped animals in rocky mountains and traded them in NYC
Living
- Dangerous conditions, Nomadic lived with Natives
Trailblazers
- When fur trade ended they blazed trails for the early settlers moving West.
White american attitudes to the plains Indians ways of life
Religion
Thought that belief in spirits was wrong
Were frightened by the indian dances
Government
Didnt understanf governing by community discussion - thought the government should set laws, which were then obeyed
War
Saw the Indian practice of scalping as barbaric
Thought ambushing was cowardly
Thought that stealing horses was very bad as they were so important to surviving on the plains
Who were the Mormons? And why did they go west?
Who were the mormons?
Founded in 1831 by Joseph Smith after he had a vision from the Angel Moroni.
Joseph Smith
Wrote the book of mormon
Recruited mormons
People found him arrogant as he wanted political power
Said that only Mormons would get to heaven.
Why did they go west?
Political power
Joseph Smith tried to run for president. Wanted to convert as many people as possible
Gentiles
Belived they were God's chosen people and called non-Mormons 'gentiles'
Religious persecution
Hated by Christians and targeted. They wanted to build their 'Zion' - Holy city
Polygamy
having more than one wife
What problems did the mormons face on the journey west
1831-1837
Kirtland
Set up a bank but there was an enormous economic depression and collapse. Non-Mormons lost their money and Mormons had to flea.
1837 - 1838
Missouri
Mormons set up the 'Danites' - a secret army. Non-mormons fely threatened and mormons had to flea. Extermination order by Governor Boggs
1839-1846
Nauvoo
Succsessful at first. Joeseph Smith announced that polygamy was ok. Non-Mormons were horrified and Smith was arrested and killed.
Why were the Mormons able to successfully settle on the plains by 1846?
Distribution of land
Brigham Young
Death of Joseph Smith
Left the Mormons in crisis - no one to lead them - Brigham Young stepped up as leader.
Journey to Salt Lake
Sent pioneer groups who paved the way and planted crops for the mormons. Built the winter quarters.
Strengths
Incredibly organised and successfully organised 15,000 mormons to travel to the Great Salt Lake City
Success at Salt Lake
Perpetual Emigration Fund
Helped increase the number of Mormons from around the world to Salt Lake City.
Short term
Young was very organised and made excellent plans. Fairly shared out the land and the Mormons trusted him.
Autarky
(self-sufficient) Mormons made sure that they had everything they needed so that they did not have to rely on non-Mormons.
Failures
Mormon War
Government built up their army against the Mormons but no actual battle occurred. Had to give up polygamy.
Mountain Meadow Massacre
Mormons killed first farmers who had persecuted them in the past. They blamed it on the Natives. Government decided that the Mormons could not be trusted and could not set up their own state ‘deseret’ and instead Utah was established.
Push factors
High unemployment and economic depression
Little Crows War
Causes:
Little Crow: Head of the Santee Sioux who lived in a reservation
They were peaceful and accepted reservation life
Civil War: food shortages and the tribe nearly starved to death
They were not getting what they were promised in money from the Gov. and they had poor crop harvests.
What happened?
August 1862 the Dakota had an unsuccessful hunt and due to this killed 5 settlers. They then led their whole tribe on an uprising.
Hundreds of white settlers were killed and the town was burned.
Consequences:
The Dakota were defeated.
38 Dakota prisoners were hanged
The rest of the tribe were expelled from the land they were given
The Cheyenne Uprising & Sand Creek Massacre 1863-64
Causes:
1863 the Cheyenne faced starvation on reservation conditions – infertile land on their reservation at Sand Creek
What happened?
1864 – The retaliated by attacking stagecoaches and raiding ranches = CHEYENNE UPRISING
August 1864 the governor urged people to hunt the Native Americans – people shot any natives that they saw
Black Kettle (Cheyenne Chief) wanted to make peace. They were promised protection if they moved to Sand Creek
November 1864 – Colonel Chivington attacked the camp while the native American men were out hunting
Consequences:
163 native Americans were killed – mostly women and children = SAND CREEK MASSACRE
The Cheyenne, Arapaho and Sioux teamed up and retaliated by attacking the whites = The plains
Red Cloud’s War 1866-68
Causes:
The Bozeman Trail was created to link the gold fields in Montana with the Oregon Trail. This trail passed through the hunting grounds of the Native American Sioux which had been guaranteed to the by the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1851.
What happened?
The Sioux attacked travellers who used the trail so the army wanted to build forts to protect them.
Talks were made with Red Cloud (Sioux Chief) about the forts but the soldiers began building before any deal was made. The Sioux attacked the army.
Fetterman Massacre: The Sioux ambushed Captain Fetterman and his troops.
Consequences:
Fetterman and 80 whites were killed
US Army surrendered and abandoned forts.
Important Treaties
Permanent Indian Frontier: 1832
Land promised to the Native Americans by the US government as they did not want the land
Second Fort Laramie Treaty: 1868
- even smaller land
First Fort Laramie Treaty: 1851
Natives were moved onto smaller areas of land but could still keep their nomadic lifestyle for the most part.
What were the long term causes of the war?
Difference between north and south
North
Industrialised with factories
Many wanted to abolish slavery
75% of railroad was federal government controlled
Workers were employed
South
State Power
Many southerners belived that slavery was needed to survive
Economy relied on agriculture and slave labour
Westward expansion
**As more people moved and settled on the pains, new states were formed and they needed to decide whether to be a free or slave state
Slavery
South wanted slavery but the north wanted to abolish it
Missouri compromise 1820
Anything above the state line had to be a free state. Anything below could coninue to have slaves
Compromise of 1850
After 1846 mexico territory was handed over to USA. California became a free state. The other land became territories and the fugitive slave law was in place returning any runaway slaves back to the south which made the south happy
Kansas Nebraska Act
More territories as people moved west. They could decide between them whether to be free or slave. This cause anxiety in the south. These areas became battleground for those wanting slavery and those wanting it abolished
Anti-slavery Rebeliions
John browns raid
Led a raid on a weapons store at Harper's ferry. He was hung for this and became a martyr for the campaign against slavery
Nat Turner's rebellion
Turner led an uprising against the whites. 60 white people killed. Nat Turner and 200+ slaves were executed as a result. Virginia passed a law prohibiting slaves from leaning to read or write
Uncle Tom's Cabin (book)
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book about the horrors of slavery - increased tension between north and south.
Reasons for the Indian wars
Broken Agreements
In Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 the Dakota Sioux had agreed to pay off their debts to traders before getting the money the government had promised them. However they failed to do this so the government refused to pay.
Some tribes were promised compensation by the government for the poor quality of the land on the reservation they had been moved onto, but the money never came.
White settlers often ignored the boundaries of reservations and took land that was good for farming
Clash Of Cultures
White settlers in the west did not understand the plains Indians and, because of this, they were afraid of them. White Americans also thought the plains Indians were not as good as them and should be more them
The Homestead act (1862)
Promised white settlers on the plains 160 ares dree as long as the built a home and farmed the land.
Manifest destiny
- Meant that the white settlers believed that they should own land. The plains Indians thought land could not be owned, only looked after
Failures of Treaties
The fort wise treaty (1861)
had moved the Cheyenne on to the sand creek reservation but the land was only a 13th of the size of the reserve they had before. Some Cheyenne claimed that the treaty had the approval of most of the tribe and the chiefs were bribed into signing it. Migrants crossing the plains did not always stick to the agreed trail routed, often straying into land which the Plains Indians used for hunting. This was against the Fort Larime Treaty (1851)
Poor Conditions on the reservatins
Many tribes who had been moved onto reservations under the policy of concentration faced starvation. This was because of the poor quality of the land they were now living on and the widespread killing of the buffalo they depended on
Local traders refused to trade with the plains so they could not even buy food. Some tribes were reduced to eating grass to survive
Short term causes of the civil war:
:
Election of Abraham Lincon
No Southern votes
He was very popular in the north but recived no votes from the south (so overall had the largest amount of votes)
South felt vunerable
The southern states felt they had no voice or representation in the government after the election and they feared Lincon and his party wanted to end slavery everywhere.
The succesion of South Carolina
The election caused south Carolina to claim they had a right under American law to split from the Union if the Federal Government failed to uphold its 'obligations' to a state.
Within weeks of the election, South Carolina acted. On 20th December 1860 they split from the union. 10 other southern states followed.
The election of Jefferson Davis- president of the Confederacy 1861
First argued against secession, but when his home state of mississipi seceded from the Union in January 1861, he changed his mind.
He was elected president of the newly formed Confederate States of America and led the South throughout the civil war
Confederacy was vastly outnumbered:
South had 9 million vs 22 millionin the North
Attack on Fort Sumter 1861
Davis wanted to take control of Union fort in the confederate territory
12th April 1861:
Davis ordered the fort to be taken by the south. Confederate forces fired on the fort and the civil war began
Fort Sumter was in South Carolina and the North was in charge of it.
What was the Impact of the civil war?
Economic impact
The South
The war destroyed thier railroad
Cotton: 4 million bales in 1861 to 300,000 bales in 1865
By 1865 there were major food shortages and food riots in some cities
The south duffered from terrible inflation of 500% by 1865 as the government in the south printed money to pay for the war
The North
Industries making weapons, uniforms and the railroads all did well
Higher taxes and inflation. Wages were kept low as women and boys were happy to work for less money
The cotton textile industry suffered as it lost its access to cotton from the south
Political Impact
Emancipation Proclimation- 1863 (slaves were freed) Civil rights act- 1866 (all races expect Native Americans were full US citizens)
14th amendment- 1868 (freed dlaves were protected by the law) civil rights act- 1870 = reinforced 1866 act 15th amendment- blacks could vote and stand for government office
BUT- black codes in the South reduced black rights and kept them seperate from whites . KKK formed> Racism and lynching.
Social impact
Women became nurses on the battlefield and cared for wounded soldiers
At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and marched of to war
Many men died
There were food shortages due to blockades. Many faced starvation and many riots took place
Reconstruction era
Rebuilding the South
: The south had become part of the union again. States had to agree to the laws of the union
Ended in 1877. Many of the civil tights laws were immediately reversed
Carpetbaggers were people from the north who moved south during the reconstruction to make money from the rebuilding
Why were the Homesteaders able to successfully settle on the plains?
Living
Extreme weather
Hurricanes, tournedos, baking heat, blizzards
Lack of recources
Wood, food, water
Lack of civilisation
No community, conflict with other settlers and natives
How did they overcome their problems?
Barbed Wire 1874
Sod buster 1872
Wind pump 1874
Turkey red wheat
Dessert land act 1877 - dig irrigation channels
Timber culture act 1873 - 40 acres of trees
Homestead act 1862 - 160 acres
Who became Homesteaders?
Ex Civil war soldiers who had no where else to go
Ex slaves - after slavery ended there was lots of the racism in the South
Young men and families - new oportunities (nothing to lose)
Pull factors
Free land
New start
Adventure
Escape racism (ex black slaves)
Push factors
economic crisis
Expensive land
High unemployment
What factors helped them?
Women: Civilised the plains - demanded better life for children
Railroad: Cheap land sold around it. Quicker travel, Could transfer new tech
Government: Gave land, Funded railroads, Moved NA onto reserves, Produced propaganda