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CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE EAR - Coggle Diagram
CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE EAR
Chronic otitis media
Definition
If untreated it becomes chronic if the infection has not cleared and continues for more than 2 weeks
Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis of acute otitis media is complex and multifactorial. Bacteria infecting the middle ear come from the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube. This colonization is facilitated by bacterial adherence on the pharyngeal and the eustachian tube cells.
Causes
HIV infection
Tuberculosis
Recurrent acute otitis media with increased virulence of infecting organisms
Pharyngeal congestion & lowered immune status
Inadequate drainage through the eustachian tube, especially where upper respiratory infection are a current factor
Signs and symptoms
redness in the outer ear accompanied by warmth and pain.
Hearing loss
Otorrhea;
Aural fullness
Otalgia
Occasionally true vertigo
Nursing interventions
Carefully dry the ear by wicking
Instill antibiotic ear drops as prescribed by the doctor
Teach patients how to Wich the ear
Encourage patients to complete prescribed antibiotics to prevent resistance
Tell patients not insert or instill anything or any drops besides the prescribed ones
Acute otitis media
Definition
Is an infection and inflammation of the middle ear
Pathophysiology
Acute purulent otitis media (APOM) is characterized by edema and hyperemia of the subepithelial space, which is followed by the infiltration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. As the inflammatory process progresses, there is mucosal metaplasia and the formation of granulation tissue.
Causes
Acute otitis media is usually a complication of eustachian tube dysfunction that occurs during a viral upper respiratory tract infection.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Signs and symptoms
fits of fussiness and intense crying (in infants)
clutching the ear while wincing in pain (in toddlers)
Irritability
Irritability
Headache
Neck pain
Lack of balance
Hearing loss
Nursing care plan: nursing interventions
Administer antibiotics to clear infection e.g amoxicillin
Administer analgesic to relieve pain e.g paracetamol
If the ear is discharging, keep it clean by ear wicking
Teach patients on how to wick an ear
Tell patients to complete antibiotics to clear infection
Otosclerosis
Definition
hereditary disease causing innovative deafness due to overgrowth of bone in the inner ear.
Pathophysiology
otosclerosis, endochondral bone of the otic capsule is resorbed by using osteoclasts, and new bone is deposited by using the action of osteoblasts. The result is a region of poorly equipped bone that does not recognize the regular contours of the otic pill
Causes
Genetics
Infectious
Autoimmune
Signs and symptoms
Hearing loss
Dizziness
Speaking softly
Hearing sounds from within your body
Tininitus
Nursing care plan
Hearing aid
Administration of medication such as fluoride
Administration of analgesics
Mastoiditis
Definition
An infection that affects the mastoid bone, located behind the ear.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of mastoiditis is straightforward: bacteria unfold from the middle ear to the mastoid air cells, where the inflammation reasons damage to the bony structures.
Causes
most often caused by a middle ear infection (acute otitis media).
Cholesteatoma can also cause mastoiditis
Signs and symptoms
Redness
Ear pain
Discharge
Headache
Fever, may be high or suddenly increase
Swelling behind ear, may cause ear to stick out
Nursing interventions
Administer antibiotics and treat side effects accordingly
Give analgesic
References
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://coggle.it/diagram/XMcR3MeK2X_Y4-Cw/t/disorders-of-the-middle-ear&ved=2ahUKEwiT976N0NT3AhXUOcAKHUj6CPkQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw23eowQpNF9eXBqXu_qi9j0