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Henry VII 1485-1509 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Council of Wales + the Marches:
        
        Later appointed his 7yr old son Arthur as its head of Prince of Wales.
        
        Henry didn’t have to worry about a possible threat from the Welsh as he had family links and Welsh connections. Henry rewarded their faith in him by trusting them to see their own affairs.
        
        Marcher lordships remained in private hands.
        
        Henry therefore,governed directly and indirectly,a larger proportion of Wales than any King had done before.
      - Council of Ireland:
        
        Had the threats of Simnel and Warbeck.
        
        Sir Edwards Poynings task was to bring the most rebellious areas under the King’s control and to impose a constitution of Ireland that would ensure its future obedience to the English Crown.
        
        Poyning established a constitution at the parliament which met at Drogheda in 1494.
        
        Poynings law=decreed that an Irish parliament could be summoned and pass laws only with the King’s prior approval.
        
        In addition,any law made in England would automatically apply to Ireland. This gave the King greater control over Ireland by destroying the independent legislative power of the Irish Parliament.
        
        However,Poynings law eventually became too expensive and was dropped.
      - Council of the North:
        
        Had a clearly defined function.
        
        It was closely linked to the main council ,with similar administrative and judicial power to enable the law to be enforced swiftly and efficiently.
        
        It was subordinate to the King.
        
        Henry required his council in London to keep a close eye on the activities of his provincial council. Henry made sure that key members of the council were appointed by him.
      - Sheriff's + JPs:
        
        The 2 most important royal officials in each county throughout England,(They became the eyes and the ears of the monarch).
        
        As the power of the JPs increased the sheriffs declined.
        
        Sheriffs were given a new lease of life in the Tudor period:became the crown's representative in every county throughout England and they also had greater responsibility for the conduct and management of parliamentary elections.
        
        The Jps were appointed to the commission of the peace for life,the sheriff was elected annually so that the crown could exert greater control over the local officials.
        
        After 1485 Jps,like sheriffs continued to be selected from the landowning county elite.They met and dispensed justice in local courts known as quarter session (meeting 4 times a year).
        
        For more serious offences ,the JPs sent criminals to the senior courts or courts of assize,which were staffed by judges appointed by the crown. The highest criminal court was the court of the King's bench,which could override decisions made at the quarter sessions and the courts of assize.
        
        Bonds + Recognisance's:
        
        H7 restored law and order largely through forcing many of his subjects to take out bonds + recognisance's.
        
        Some of the bonds and recognisance's were the result of genuine debts owed to the crown.
        
        HOWEVER, many of them were purely political.
        
        The King used bonds to enforce order and obedience, and defeat the law, a system which can be regarded as morally dubious.
      - WEAKNESSES OF LOCAL + REG GOV:
        
        The king was dependent on the goodwill of his officials.
        
        Henry had to rely on justices' own self interest as leaders of the society for the upholding of law and order.
        
        His only control over them was the threat of removal from the commission of peace if they acted improperly,which would be regarded by most JPs as a considerable social disgrace.
  - - - Crown Lands:
        
        H7 was by far the country's largest landowner and the rental income from his property was a very important part of the crown's ordinary revenue.
        
        Income from crown lands had significantly increased during Edward IV's reign.
        
        At the beginning of H7 reign, income had dropped to about £12,000 per year. This was because the income from lands was collected and administered through the inefficient court of exchequer, which exemplifies Henry's experience in such financial matters.
        
        1492: H decided to revert to Edward's system of administration through the chamber (in other words through the royal household rather than through an administrative department), where policies were formulated and decisions were made.
        
        Finances improved + the income from land had increased by the end of the reign to around £42,000 per year. This was partly achieved by effective treasurers, SUCK AS: Sir Thomas Lovell + Sir John heron.
        
        Profits from Feudal Dues + exercise of the Royal prerogative:
        
        The pursuit of the King's feudal rights was tightened.
        
        There were increased profits from wardship + the parliament granted a feudal aid in 1504.
        
        Obligations payable on the death of a feudal tenant-in-chief became a useful additional source of revenue which landowners found particularly irritating, especially when the statute of uses of 1489 cut out a potential loophole for avoidance of the charge.
        
        Other sources or revenue:
        
        Customs revenue: Tonnage and Poundage had been granted for life by H's 1st parliament.
        
        pensions from other powers: EG/ 1492 Treaty of Etaples: French agreed to pay H a pension of £5,000 per annum.
        
        profits of justice: included fines + income from bonds.
        
        Extraordinary revenue: H received OVER £400,000 from extraordinary taxation. HOWEVER, the consequence of raising this price was the rebellions due to opposition.
        
        Much energy was spent on improving H's revenues, but there was a political price to be paid.
        
        The main victim's of henry's policies were the nations landowners.
- - - - The marriage:
        
        details finally agreed in 1499 and it took place in 1501.
        
        HOWEVER, Arthur's death in 1502 Brough complications to H's relationship with Ferdinand.
        
        THEREFORE, H immediately suggested that Catherine should marry his 2nd son (H8).
        
        Ferdinand was reluctant to agree as he had LITTLE NEED FOR an English alliance and the proposed marriage would require a PAPAL DISPENSATION.
        
        1504: H lost enthusiasm for the marriage when the death of Isabella of Castile made Ferdinand a less significant political figure.
        
        ALSO, there was a subsequent power struggle between Ferdinand and Juana (Catherine of Aragon's sister).
        
        H chose to support Juana.
        
        Juana and her husband (Phillip of Burgundy) set sail for Spain but were forced to take refuge in England when their ship was wrecked at sea.
        
        H took advantage of this situation with The Treaty of Windsor 1506.
        
        Treaty of Windsor (securing stronger relations with Juana + Phillip).
        -Intercursus malus (restored trade relations between England + Burgundy).
        -The return of the Earl of Suffolk (further securing H's dynasty).
        -Proposed marriage alliance between himself + Phillip's sister (the archduchess Margaret, which aimed to strengthen his rule after the death of his wife Elizabeth, BUT this marriage never happened).
        -H's recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile.
        
        HOWEVER, Philip's death soon after the couples arrival in Spain was disastrous for H.
        -Juana went mad in grief.
        -Leaving H diplomatically isolated.
    - - The complicated factor was the presence of Margaret, widowed duchess of Burgundy in ownership of her late husbands estate.
        
        She was the sister of Edward IV an Richard III, and the leading upholder of the Yorkist cause.
        
        She also enlisted the support of her step-son in law, Maximilian (Emperor of HRE).
        -Maximillian emperor in 1493 and passed on jurisdiction in the Netherlands to his son Phillip in 1494.
        
        Relations between England and Burgundy deteriorated as a result of the hospitality which Maimilian and Phillip were offering Warbeck.
        
        H gambled that putting a trade embargo on English trade with Burgundy would ease the matter.
        
        HOWEVER, the problem with this is that it Brough H's Fps: securing the dynasty + encouraging trade, in conflict with each other.
        
        By prioritising his dynastic interests, H showed that he was prepared to sacrifice the commercial interests of London + East Coast merchants, which did nothing for his popularity in those parts of the country.
        
        ALTHOUGH, relations did improve to a certain extent after Warbeck left burgundy, and H and Phillip were able to agree on the INTERCURSUS MAGNUS.
        -Intercursus Magnus 1496= ended trade embargo.
        
        As a result, Ango-Burgundian relations became central again to H's FP's in 1504 following the death of Isabella Queen of Castille.
        
        One of the outcomes of the resulting Treaty of Windsor was a NEW TRADE AGREEMENT: The Intercursus Malus.
        
        Intercursus Malus= H showed the same forceful approach where he demanded a trade deal which would have given a much stronger trading position to English merchants in the Netherlands (HOWEVER, in the end this trade deal was never put into practice).
        
        Another outcome was that Phillip and Maximilian agreed to hand over their Yorkist fugitive to H (the Earl of Suffolk) who was then imprisoned in the tower.
        
        H appeared to have improved BOTH England's taking position + also the security of the dynasty.
    - - 1485-95: Anglo-Scottish relations were tense.
        
        1495-96: TURNING POINT: problems arose when King James IV offered hospitality to Warbeck. Making matters worse, James encouraged Warbeck in 1496 to cross the border with an army. ALTHOUGH, the army was small, spent little time in England, gathered no support and quickly retreated back over the border when word was received that an English force was making its way North from Newcastle. HOWEVER, this attempted invasion consequently led to H raising a larger army + invading Scotland. THIS HAD important political repercussions because it prompted a TAXATION REBELLION the following year.
        
        1497-The Cornish Rebellion: LARGE-SCALE rebellion in Cornwall. Was evident that it was in the interests of both England and Scotland to secure an immediate truce, which took place at Ayton.
        
        1498 onwards: Their relations significantly improved. because of this, James IV no longer had any use for Warbeck and Warbeck was executed in 1499.
        
        1501-03: Agreed that James should marry H's daughter (Princess Margaret). 1502-this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty treaty of perpetual peace, and the marriage took place in 1503. Their improvement in relations lasted till the end of H7's reign. THEREFORE, proving that H had been successful in ensuring security of his dynasty.
    - - After Treaty of Redon:
        
        The English army went to Brittany , but Anne feared the futility of the prolonged resistance to the French and therefore surrendered + reluctantly married Charles VIII.
        
        Consequently, the English army was left marooned in Brittany.
        
        The situation was made worse for H as Warbeck seeked French backing for his claim to the English throne.
        
        In his 1st foreign adventure H had suffered an immediate setback.
        
        HOWEVER, he recovered his position very skilfully.
        -He launched an invasion in France 1492 and the French quickly sought a peace settlement.
        
        H skilfully used info from his agents that Charles VIII would favour peace with England as he was much more interested in launching an invasion on Italy.
        
        - Treaty of Etaples Nov 1492:: Charles VIII agreed to withdraw his support for Warbeck + pay a pension to Henry to compensate him for the expense of having recruited an army of invasion.
        
        Therefore, H's strategy had proved successful, and he had managed to defend his national and dynastic interests.
        
        Additionally, he had successfully improved his financial position and ensured a period of relative cordiality in Anglo-French relations.
- - - - HOW DID H CONSOLIDATE HIS POWER?:
        
        Dated his reign from 21 Aug 1485 ( day before battle of Bosworth) to ensure anyone who had fought on the Yorkist side could be deemed a traitor.
        
        Publicly awarded many of his key supporters.
        
        Arranged for supporters to detain the Earl of Warwick (Edward IV nephew), who could be seen as having a much greater claim to the throne than H himself.
        
        Made key appointments to his council + household EG: making sir Reginald bray chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Sir William Stanley chamberlain of the household.
        
        Arranged his coronation to take place 30 OCT, before the meeting of his 1st parliament on 7th Nov to show that his right to the throne was based on hereditary right and not only because parliament had sanctioned it.
        
        ACTS OF ATTAINDER: against Yorkists who had fought at Bosworth ensured that their property was forfeit to the crown, therefore INCREASING royal income.
        
        Jan 1486: H married Elizabeth of York, (King Edward IV daughter). H made sure that his assumption of the crown was not brought about by his wife's own claim to the throne. HOWEVER, he was able to exploit in royal propaganda the union of the two houses of Lancaster + York.
        
        A VITAL step in securing the dynast took place Sept 1486: = birth of an heir to the throne, prince Arthur.
- - - - immediately below the peerage in status.
        
        These were often great landowners in their own right.
        
        The most important members of the gentry such as Sir Reginald Bray, sought knighthoods as confirmation of their social status.
        
        In 1490 there were about 500 knights.
        
        Originally his status had imposed military obligations upon its holders. Though that was dyeing out as a specific obligation, it was nevertheless, assumed that those holding the status would assist in the administrations of their localities.
        
        Peers + Knights together owned 15-20% of the country's land.
    - - The church was hugely important , not merely for its spiritual role but also as a great landowner.
        
        The social status of the clergy varied enormously.
        
        At the lower parish level, curates and chantry priests were modestly rewarded for dealing with the spiritual needs of ordinary folk.
        
        On the other hand, bishops and the abbots of larger religious houses were important figures who were entitled to sit in the house of lords and who often had political roles to undertake.
        
        The King of England rather than the Pope governed the church of England.
        
        Henry 7 tended to use that power to appoint bishops only men who had legal training and whose administrative competence was valued more than their spirituality.
        
        The most important clergymen included John Morton + Richard Fox.
        
        The King was reluctant to appoint men whose background was aristocratic.
        
        The higher clergy were thus becoming less socially exclusive than had once been the case.
    - - System implied a reciprocal relationship between the magnate and his retainers.
        
        In return for service, which cold be military service if necessary, a retainer might receive rewards such as local office or grants of land as well as direct payment.
        
        It was only when the position of the monarch was insecure that the system could be seen as politically destabalising.
    - - The lowest of the feudal system.
        
        At the top level of the commoner group were the rich merchants and craftsmen.
        
        In towns and cities, the relatively small number of educated professionals, of whom the most numerous + influential group were lawyers, exercised considerable influence, often in collaboration with wealthier merchants.
        
        Lower down the social scale and considered respectable came shopkeepers and skilled tradesmen. These tended to dominate the towns councils and also played a key role in organisations such as guilds and lay confraternities which were a common feature of urban life in pre-reformation England.
        
        The countryside comprised of Yeomen farmers.
        
        the decline in population that had occurred as a result of the black death had reduced the demand for land and the resulting drop in land values had enabled the emergence of this group, which Youings termed a 'peasant aristocracy'.
        
        Below Yeomen came husbandmen can be described by the term 'peasant'.
        
        Labourers were usually dependent for income on the sale of their labour, though in some cases they could supplement their irregular income through the planting of vegetables or the exercise of grazing rights.
        
        Their position was very insecure.
    - - Still dominated landownership.
        
        The peerage (nobility) consisted of no more than about 50 or 60 men.
        
        Peerage families died out on a regular basis but were replaced by others who had acquired or bought the Kings favour.
        
        The crown often relied on such families for the maintenance of order in the countryside.
        -Henry 7 was reluctant to create new peerage titles. he was deeply distrustful of the nobility as a class.
        
        He only trusted Lancastrian military commanders such as the Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney had much more political influence under Henry.
        
        He never trusted the Earl of Northumberland even though he swung the Battle of Bosworth in Henry's favour by betraying Richard III.
        -However he relied on Northumberland to control the Northeast of England on behalf of the crown.
        
        Henry's most important method of controlling the nobility was through bonds + recognisance's.
        -HOWEVER, the key to the nobles power was the bastard feudalism system by which wealthy magnates (the leading + royal members of the nobility) recruited knights and gentlemen(retainers) to serve them as administrators or accountants, or sometimes for military purposes.
        
        Noblemen could use their retained men to bring unlawful influence on others in a court case,or use them against the crown, so Henry sought to limit the military power of the nobility through the use of legislation against retaining.
        
        However, at the same time he remained conscious of the fact that loyal retainers were essential to maintain the crowns security.
  - - - CAUSES:
        
        triggered by resentment of taxation granted by parliament in 1489 In order to finance the involvement of the English forces in the campaign in Brittany.
        
        the rebellion became particularly notorious because of the rebels murdering the Earl of Northumberland in the Northriding of Yorkshire in April 1489.
        
        EVENTS:
        
        Northumberland was a victim of resentment against taxation.
        
        He was murdered by his tenants and what enabled them to murder him was that Northumberland's retainers allowed them to do so by deserting him as a punishment for his own desertion of Richard III at Bosworth.
    - - CAUSES:
        
        Sparked by demand for extraordinary revenue to finance a far-away military campaign so also was the Cornish Rebellion of 1497.
        
        The revolt was triggered by the need for revenue to finance the campaign against Scotland.
        
        EVENTS:
        
        Estimated 15,000 rebels involved.
        
        Attempt to exploit the rebellion was made by WARBECK .
        
        The rebels made it very close to London, only being halted at Blackheath.
        
        The rebellion was the most threatening/alarming for the King.
        The rebels managed to marchbsuch a large distance without anyone stopping them.
        
        Therefore, raising q's about the effectiveness of the crowns systems for maintaining order in the countryside.
        
        In order for H to put down the rebellion he had to withdraw Lord Daubeney and his troops from defending the Scottish border.
        
        RESPONSE:
        
        Despite the threat, the rebellion was crushed easily enough by Daubenay.
        
        The rebel leaders including lord Audely were executed.
        
        H only punished the leaders and treated the rebels with leniency.
        
        The rebellion shocked H into ensuring Anglo-Scottish relations were eased and made him particularly cautious about entering into any further foreign conflict.
    - - CAUSES:
        
        Opposition to a Lancastrian ruler.
        
        EVENTS:
        
        Took place in the north ridings of Yorkshire.
        
        Lovell tried tried to raise a rebellion here (Richard III’s key heartland).
        -Stafford tried to raise a rebellion against Henry in the Midlands.
        
        RESPONSE:
        
        Lovell escaped from the King’s forces but Stafford was captured and executed.
        
        Staffords younger brother and accomplice thomas, was pardoned.
        
        Rebellion was easily suppressed because of the lack of enthusiasm for it.
        
        The rebellion gained little enthusiasm/support for a Yorkist rising in their traditional heartlands and was easily suppressed. ALTHOUGH, later rebellions promoted by Margaret of Burgundy proved rather problematic.
    - - CAUSES:
        
        Following Lovell rebellion, Yorkists realised a change in strategy was needed in order to be successful in their first attempts to get rid of Henry VII.
        
        1) firstly they needed a figurehead who could claim to be a Yorkist prince.
        
        2) Secondly: needed financial support to generate a significant military threat to Henry.
        
        EVENTS:
        
        Figurehead = Lambert Simnel
        
        Simnel was being passed off as the Earl of Warwick (one of there princes who was imprisoned by H), and was even crowned as King Edward in Ireland May 1487.
        
        Conspiracy was put together by John De La Pole, Earl of Lincoln, himself a potential York claimant.
        -
        
        In response to this hoax, H now had the real Earl of Warwick exhibited in London for all to see. Therefore causing Lincoln to flee from H's court and had joined the failed plotter, Lovell at the court of Margaret of Burgundy in the Netherlands.
        
        They persuaded Margaret to support Simnel's claim and to pay for a force of mercenaries to invade England.
        
        H RESPONSE:
        
        H had plenty of notice that a rebellious conspiracy was being planned, and therefore he was prepared/had time to respond.
        
        Give that Richard III's main power base was in North England, H took the gamble of reinstating the untrustworthy Earl of Northumberland, who led a major portion of Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth, to power in the North.
        
        This helped neutralise Richard's old power base and also ensured that the traditionally Yorkist Howard family had no intention of joining the conspiracy as Northumberland was one of their descendants.
        
        He also reinforced coastal defences in East Anglia. HOWEVER, the rebels landed on the NW coast in Cumberland + crossed the pennines in order to drum up support in Richard III's old heartland in the North riding of Yorkshire.
        -ALTHOUGH, the Yorkist gentry of the North riding were reluctant to commit themselves wholeheartedly, presumably waiting to see who was likely to win.
        
        LED TO: BATTLE OF STOKE FIELD 1487:
        
        H gathered a group of advisors, including close relatives of former Yorkists who had been victims of Richard III in the South + Midlands.
        
        The 2 armies met in Nottinghamshire but H was not confident as he remembered how Richard had been double crossed at Bosworthand feared that he himself might suffer the same fate.
        
        HOWEVER, his army was led effectively by the Earl of Oxford held firm + the Earl of Lincoln was killed in battle due to being unable to gain sufficient followers to his army of mercenaries.
        
        H's victory at the battle of stoke field was VERY significant as it was this rather than the battle of Bosworth that brought an end to the wars of the roses, and Henry's position became safer BUT by no means became secure.
        
        H had been faced with a crisis which he overcame with hard work, organisational skills, military leadership of his key supporters and the willingness of landowners in many parts of the country to support his cause.
        
        H was relatively mild in his treatment of those who had rebelled, winning over some Yorkists who had previously opposed him.
        -AFTER, was when he also began to develop the policy of bonds of good behaviour to ensure well-behaved landowners who might otherwise face financial ruin.
    - - Large threat to H7 over the years.
        
        Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York.
        
        His ability to attract patronage from foreign rulers transformed him from an irritant to a potentially serious threat.
        
        ALSO, demonstrated how fragile H's position was perceived to be by other rulers.
        
        1491: Warbeck began to impersonate Richard Duke of York in Ireland.
        
        Was forced to flee from France in 1492 and went to the court of Margaret of Burgundy where he was trained as a Yorkist prince and began to draw English courtiers into his conspiracies.
        
        Several years after the battle of battle of stoke field (1487), Warbeck's first attempt to land in England in 1495 failed. H had been informed by one of his royal agents (Sir Robert Clifford) who had infiltrated Warbeck's group.
        
        Warbeck was quickly defeated and fled to the court of James IV of Scotland.
        
        HOWEVER, the event should not be written off as useless as it could have proved very costly for H as the conspirators had an accomplice in the heart of H's gov (Sir William Stanley).
        
        Stanley, H's step-uncle + potential traitor was Lord chamberlain and headed the royal household at the time when the royal household gov was still the normal model of political operation.
        
        highlighting the fact that H was the most vulnerable in the very place where he should have been the most secure (GOV).
        
        1496: small Scottish force crossed the border on Warbeck's behalf but quickly retreated.
        
        ALSO, Warbeck's interests were soon sacrificed when James gave in to henry's offer of marriage to his daughter, Margaret.
        
        Having FAILED to successfully invade England from Scotland in 1496, Warbeck made a final attempt to seek the English throne by trying to exploit the uncertainties created by the Cornish Rebellion in 1497. BUT: his forces were crushed and Warbeck eventually surrendered to the King.
        
        H was remarkably lenient at first and allowed Warbeck to stay at court, but confined him to the tower.
        
        HOWEVER, this time there was no mercy. having allegedly tried to escape the Earl of Warwick , he was accused of treason and they were both tried + executed.
      - THE EARL OF WARWICK:
        
        Warbeck's final attempts at conspiracy enabled H to get rid of the Earl of Warwick, who was potentially THE MOST OBVIOUS Yorkist claimant to the throne.
        
        Warwick was an innocent victim in many respects.
        
        he was only 20yrs old at the time of the battle of Bosworth and sent most of his life in confinement before his execution in 1499.
    - - these were the younger brothers of the Earl of Lincoln.
        
        Suffolk had fled to Flanders in 1498. he was persuaded to return after a short exile but once again fled in 1501, this time seeking refuge at the court of the emperor Maximilian.
        
        for as long as Margaret of Burgundy was politically opposed to H7, Suffolk was safe.
        
        HOWEVER, with the treaty of Windsor 1506 more friendly relations were restored.
        
        1 feature in this improvement of relations was that Maximmillian agreed to give up Suffolk, who was duly imprisoned in the Tower of London. H7 took no further action against him.
        
        ALTHOUGH, H had him executed for treason in 1513.
        
        This still left Richard De La pole (the white rose) at large during his time in exile, BUT he was killed fighting for the French forces in the battle of Pavia 1525.