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Reproductive System Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Stephanie Hernandez P. 7
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female):
Male
Male sex cells: sperm
Male system delivers sperm to female
Transport these cells to the site of fertilization
Female
Female sex cells: oocytes
Female system houses and nourishes the developing embryo and fetus
Deliver, feed and nurture offspring
Both
Produce gametes (sex cells and hormones)
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
:
Ovary: Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Uterine tube: Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to the uterus.
Uterus: protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy.
Vagina: conveys uterine secretions to outside of body.
Labia majora: enclose and protect other external reproductive organs.
Labia minora: form margins of vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra.
Clitoris: produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans
Vestibule: space between labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings
Vestibular glands: Secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates vestibule
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s):
Genital Warts: Human Papilloma virus
Genital Herpes: Herpes simplex 2 virus.
Gonorrhea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacteria
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Infection of a woman's reproductive organs which may lead to terility in females and uterine tube scarring may cause infertility.
Syphilis: Treponema pallidum
bacteria
Chlamydia: infection Chlamydia trachomatis
bacteria.
Acquired deficiency syndrome : Human immunodeficiency virus.
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female):
Male
Luteinizing hormone (LH): promotes development of interstitial cells of the testes, which then secrete male hormones.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Triggers the production of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary
gland
Testosterone: stimulate spermatogenesis
Androgens: Male sex hormones; testosterone is the most important one
Female
Ovaries are main source of estrogens (when not pregnant)
Estrogens: responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development, sex organ enlargement, increased adipose tissue deposition, and increased vascularization of the skin.
GnRH: secretion from the hypothalamus causes secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
Androgens also play a role: produce some changes at puberty, such as growth of pubic and axillary hair.
Ovaries: are also main source of progesterone which triggers uterine changes during the menstrual cycle.
FSH stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary
LH: stimulates cells to produce testosterone precursors
Anatomy of male reproductive structures:
Ductus deferens: conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicle: secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins that helps regulate pH of semen
Epididymis: promotes sperm cell maturation
Prostate gland: secretes a fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm
Interstitial cells: produce and secrete male sex hormones
Bulbourethral gland: secretes fluid that lubricates end of penis
Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm cells
Scrotum Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes
Penis: conveys urine and semen to outside of body
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
:
Rhythm Method: abstinence from sexual intercourse around the time of ovulation; not very effective.
Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse; examples: male or female condoms.
Coitus Interruptus: withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective.
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo.
Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condom.
Sterilization: surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy; vasectomy in males (removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen) tubal ligation in females (cutting of the uterine tubes).
Injectable Contraception: injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation
Contraceptive Implants: implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm.
Combined Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy.
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories):
Ovulation: triggered by a mid-cycle surge in LH; secondary oocyte & follicular fluid are released from the ovary
Following ovulation, follicular cells turn into a glandular corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone
In the menstrual cycles, estrogens increase during first week, to thicken the endometrium of the uterus
Progesterone causes endometrium to become more vascular, and uterine glands to secrete nutrients for a possible embryo.
In absence of fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates hormone levels decline, new blood vessels constrict, uterine lining disintegrates and is shed as the menstrual flow.