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SPAIN: THE BOURBON RESTORATION
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII (1875–1885) AND THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA (1885–1902)
reign of Alfonso XII = period of political stability for Spain
Canovist system
set up by Cánovas del Castillo
The Constitution of 1876
shared sovereignty
constitutional monarchy
universal male suffrage was re-established
Bipartisanship
The Conservative government
led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
The Liberal government
led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Caciquismo
elections were manipulated
guaranteed the victory of the party the government chose
Canovist system and the reign of Alfonso XII
were supported by
the army, the Catholic Church, landowners and middle-class business owners
all wanted political stability
areas of nationalism and regionalism
opposition from republicans, anarchists and socialists
the Pact of El Pardo
agreement to support the regency of María Cristina of Austria
THE DISASTER OF 98
Causes
the demands of the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie for
political autonomy
economic freedom
the rejection of the demands of the Creole
Spanish government decided not to grant autonomy to Cuba
Cuban War (1895–1898)
Consequences
the demoralisation of the Spanish people
due to the loss of human life
the appearance of regenerationism
led by Joaquín Costa
intellectual and critical movement
a renewal of the Spanish political system
the economic crisis caused
the loss of the colonial market
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII (1902–1931)
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876
other parties
republican parties
regionalist parties
Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya (LRC)
Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
the Mancomunidad de Cataluña
Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)
Partido Comunista Español (PCE)
development of the workers' movement
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)
concessions
the creation of a pension system for retired workers
new laws to regulate female and child labour
an eight-hour working day and six-day working week
legal recognition for trade unions
War in Morocco
Disaster of 98
Conference of Algeciras in 1906
war (1909–1927)
Annual disaster (1921)
Tragic Week (1909)
The military problem
military coup in 1923
led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera
