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AREAS & VOLUMES - Coggle Diagram
AREAS & VOLUMES
VOLUME
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Volumes From Contours
Suitable to be used when large volume is involved, such as, volumes of water contained in a dam, soil heap, etc.
The area of a contour surface is determined. The contour’s surface can be treated as a cross‐section whose areas can be calculated either graphically or mechanically
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Volumes From Spotheights
A grid is formed over the area, and the reduced levels of the grid points are determined
The difference between the grid heights and the proposed heights are obtained in order to estimate volume
Example ‐ cutting and filling of earth for basement (car park), underground water tanks, to obtain required formation levels, etc.
Vtotal = A/4(Σ dh appearing appearing once + .. 2(Σ dh appearing twice) + ..
3(Σ dh appearing thrice) + .. 4(Σ dh appearing four times))
Used in ‘localised’ construction, such as earthwork for the construction of buildings
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CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS
Setting‐out of roads, highways, railway track, etc., are normally done at regular intervals along the centre line
At the same time, the reduced levels of these points are determined determined using any suitable suitable method
Reduced levels of points that lie to the left and right of the centre line at the right angle are also observed, thus, creating cross‐sections
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CROSS SECTION
Observations of reduced levels at point that lie at right angle of the centre‐line produced cross‐sections
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MASS HAUL DIAGRAM
Introduction
During the constructions of roads, highways, railway tracks, canals, etc. vast amount of earthwork is involved
Material (earth) cut sometimes are transported elsewhere along the site for fill. However, there are also instances cut material are dumped outside the construction site as waste
If material is insufficient, then it might be necessary
to borrow from another site
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Terminologies
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Free haul distance
A distance stipulated in the contract, over
which NO hauling charges apply
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Balancing line
Any horizontal line that intersects the mass-haul curve at two or more points. The earthwork between these points are balanced (i.e. volume of excavation = volume fill)
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