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EDWARD VI - Coggle Diagram
EDWARD VI
SOCIAL POLICY
1547: growing concern about poverty and social injustice due to enclosure- clamping down on vagrants would show gov against the poor
1550: rebellion of 1549 caused concern amongst elites, poor harvest of 1550, SM policy against vagrants to harsh
SOMERSETS SOCIAL POLICY 1547-49
- Vagrancy Act 1547= provide poor with housing as poor increasing, Vagrancy law unpopular
- Enclosure= SM anti-enclosure as saw decline of tillage a cause of many economical problems
NORTHUMBERLANDS SOCIAL POLCIY 1550-53
- didn't continue with SMs anti-enclosure policies and withdrew unpopular sheep tax, Vagrancy Act repealed
- 1551= NBs gov taken over grain control to sort harvest crisis
- NB kept order through traditional methods to prevent rebellions -> Treason Laws 1550
RELIGION
REMOVAL OF CATHOLICISM
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1547- Treason Act repealed= allow freedom to talk about religion, gave radicals opportunity to destroy catholic images etc
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UNOFFICIAL PROTESTANTISM
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1548 Jan- proclamations to ease Protestant unrest= gov trying to achieve order whilst implementing common prayer book - put in place 1548, written by Cranmer
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FULL PROTESTANTISM
1552 Second Book of Common Prayer Highly Protestant document, removed all traces of Catholicism
1552 Second Act of Uniformity Enforced the Second Prayer Book of Common Prayer. Became an offence for clergy to not attend Church services
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REBELLION AND DISORDER
WESTERN REBELLION 1549
The Western rebellion was triggered in Cornwall because of the much-hated figure, William body, a commissioner expecting the Churches in 1547. He was very arrogant and he confiscated Church goods. The destruction of Church images the following year led a group of people to murder him. Gentlemen in Devon quickly supressed this rebellion, but the introduction of the New Prayer Book (1549) was the final straw
In Cornwall, the protestors assembles and came under the leadership of Humphrey Arundell, with a list of complaints compiled. The crowed marched to Devon. The persuaded a priest to deliver a traditional Catholic Mass and more rebels joined in on the rebellion
Very quickly, the gentry lost their grip on the counties. Those who went to calm down the rebellion were killed by the rebels. Protestant gentlemen came to supress the rebellion, but this led to more violence. The rebels moved their army along to Exeter. Those who tried to supress were extremely unsuccessful
Somerset only had little resources to stop this rebellion. A Catholic member of the Council, Lord Russell had to find a peaceful settlement and wrote a response to the rebels demands. At the time, Somerset was struggling to supress enclosure riots in the Midlands, maintain forces on the Scottish border and watch for any French aggression. He provided Lord Russell with a small army, but knowing his weakness Russel avoided confronting the enemy. Loyalty to the Crown led citizens of Exeter to defend their city. This was a six week attack. Russell made his last attempt to reach a settlement with the. Forces arrived to defeat the rebels
KETTS REBELLION 1549
• East Anglia was the most densely populated area after London. Norwich was a major textile industry centre. However, the collapse of the textile industry meant lots of cloth workers were forced out of work, small farmers were affected by enclosure by gentry and yeoman farmers
• Triggered by a drunken feast, which led to anger. This led to crowd breaking down some enclosures
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• Crowds were encouraged to attack local land owner, Robert Kett. Kett welcomed the rebellion, and assumed leadership of the rebellion. Yeoman farmers also rebelled. Clergy and gentry were absent from this rebellion
• The rebels reached Norwich, 16,000 rebels. Kett produced the list of demands
GOV RESPONSE
• Those who dispersed were pardoned. The agreement was that landowners would no longer act as farmers or clothiers, the price of wool was reduced by a third, and special commissioners would be appointed to reform abuses. Many rebels wanted to accept, but Kett rejected saying they committed no crime. Government were forced to retreat.
• The rebels in Norwich and the government were prepared for conflict as the negotiated settlement had gone. Rebels had taken over Norwich and the government messenger fled back to London
• Government's first attempt to supress – Somerset sent a small army of 1,00 to cut off the rebels supply lines. When they arrived, they captured Norwich and they told them to disperse, bit only 20 rebels agreed. Kett’s army had no other option to attack, he won and recaptured Norwich
NO THREAT
No attempt of cooperation between the isolated uprisings. Some uniting forces in regions, but there wasn’t much cross-regional cooperation
The rebellions weren’t directed at the government or the monarch, and there was no attempt to march in London as there had been in 1497
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REBELLION THREAT TO GOV
Local gentry had failed to deal with the uprisings, and the central government had to intervene
Raising troops was difficult and expensive, the government was reluctant to ask the rebellious peasantry for support. Troops had to be raised in distant counties, whilst the government were involved in foreign mercenaries
Somerset had to bring troops back from Scotland to assist in the crises. This marked an end for his policy in garrisoning the Northern border
SUCCESSION
change in will -> Edward suggested crown go to LJG because she was protestant, married to NB son - anyone important had to sign devise but no proper letter drafted
3rd Succession Act= Mary and heirs to reign, then Elizabeth and heirs -> putting LJG as queen went against this
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LJG proclaimed queen against her will- Mary proclaimed herself queen in London against Privy council
- east Anglia gentry supported mary
- Mary had 30,000 supporters V NBs 2,000
- Mary welcomed with celebration in London, NB arrested and executed
ECONOMY AND FINANCE
FISCAL POLICY 1547-1553
problems with Henry's legacy
- Debasement= debasement good and bad because it raised money (£360,000 at ned of reign) but only short term plan -> inflation and economic disruption
- Heavy expenditure= Henry spent lavishly, spent all funds raised though dissolution of monasteries on war with France/Scotland
- Debt= £100,000 in debt at end of reign to Antwerp money market
SOMERSET: spent a lot in Scottish War (£580,393), policy of debasement continued and made no attempt to reform situation
NORTHUMBERLAND: determined to get finance back on track, appointed Lord Treasurer 1550 to end debasement and reduce expenditure
- End to debasement= only finalised in 1560 but slowed process, crash of Antwerp market 1551-2 caused more economic strain
- Reduction in expenditure= Boulogne given back to France for £133,333, Privy Coffer established
- Debts= at worst in 1550 (£300,000) but reduced to £180,000 b 1553 -> sales of crown and chantry lands necessary
1547= country bankrupt and inflation high -> debasement started with H8 and was easy way to raise money
- sale of crown lands raised money etc
1550= war against Scotland expensive and debasement damaged economy
--> SM put in place no economic reforms= cause opposition
FOREIGN POLICY
Edwards role- little influence, SM took over, NB regency signing of Treaty of Boulogne 1550 brought end to active foreign affairs in Eds reign
SOMERSET AND SCOTLAND
• Somerset’s aims – wanted to achieve a marriage between Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots which was arranged under the Treat of Greenwich (1543) -> Wanted to conquer Scotland as one of Henry’s previous aims // He wanted to avoid war with France, tolerated their military support in Scotland // He wanted to prevent a dangerous alliance between France and Scotland
• English victory in Scotland – 1547 there was a new French monarch, Henry II. He sent 4,000 troops to Scotland. Somerset launched an invasion in Scotland named the BATTLE OF PINKIE, 1547 – Somerset entered Edinburgh and capture the main border strongholds. Domestic concerns led him to flee back to London, leaving his garrisons behind. He made an appeal for Edward and Mary to marry
• Garrisoning – Expensive and ineffective in rooting out Scottish aggressors, did not maintain consistent pressure on the Scots. 25 garrisons established
• French attacks in Scotland – 10,000 French troops arrived in Scotland in 1548 and made the garrison unworkable. Mary and Henry II’s son marriage agreed
NORTHUMBERLAND
• Treaty of Boulogne, 1550 – England gave up Boulogne to receive 400,000 crowns
• Marriage alliance between Edward and Henry’s daughter Elizabeth, dowry of 200,000
England pull troops out of Scotland and not declare war England and France made a defensive alliance and England promised to remain neutral
GOVERNMENT
1547-49
Somerset ignored Henry VIII will that Edward ran by Regency council = instead made himself Lord Protector
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When power began to fail SM fled to Windsor and took Edward with --> Edward abandoned SM and fell from power
Henry wanted to create Privy Council with balance/equal power but Norfolk and Gardiners didn't allow this -> council in favour of protestants
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1550-53
After fall of SM Edward more involved in politics e.g. attending Privy Council meetings by 1553, to reach maturity age at 16 not 18
Northumberland now in charge- made sure power wasn't as restricting as SM e.g. foreign policy out of bounds
NB packed privy council with own supporters to push forward idea of Protestantism -> seen in wanting LJG to take those
NB was poor leader and alienated many, mishandled foreign policy, only appointed men, strong grip on protestantism disliked by catholics
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