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Unit 11: Reproductive System Lauren Palla, Period 6 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 11: Reproductive System Lauren Palla, Period 6
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Scrotum
- sac of skin and superficial fascia
Contains paired testes (3°C lower than core body temp., necessary for sperm production)
Divided into two compartments by midline septum
Hangs outside adominopelvic cavity at the root of penis
Regulates body temp. and is affected by changes in temp.
Testes
- sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Septa divides testes into ~250 lobules; each contains 1-4
seminiferous tubules
(site of sperm production)
Sperm is conveyed from:
Seminiferous tubules to:
Straight tubules to:
Rete testis to:
Efferent ductules to:
Epididymis
Each surrounded by two tunics:
Tunic vaginalis
- outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunic albuginea
- inner layer that forms fibrous capsule
Semen
- milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretion (20-150 million sperm/ ml in 2-5 ml semen)
Male Duct System
- accessory ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the exterior body
Epididymis
- where the sperm matures
Highly coiled
Pass at rate that takes ~20 days; can be stored for several months
During ejaculation, epididymis contracts and expels sperm into ductus deferens
Ductus Deferens
(Vas Deferens)- passes though inhuinal canal to pelvic cavity
Ejaculatory Duct
- formed by the convergence of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle
Urethra
- conveys both urine and semen (both at different times)
Smooth muscle in walls propel sperm from epididymis to urethra
Male Accessory Glands
- glands that produce products that mix with the sperm to protect and preserve them.
Seminal Glands
- contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
70% vol. of semen (helps neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina)
Fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandins
Prostate
- encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid (1/3 of semen vol.)
Plays role in sperm activation
Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Bulbo-urethral glands
- produces thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Lubricates glans penis
Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
Penis
- male capulatory organ (considered external genitalia along with scrotum)
Consists of the
root
and
shaft
that ends at
glans penis
Prepuce
(foreskin)- cuff of loose skin covering glans
Circumcision
- surgical removal of the foreskin; decreases risks of UTIs
Corpus cavernosa
- paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erectile tissue
- spongy network of C.T. and smooth muscle with vascular spaces; makes up penis
Corpus spongiosum
- surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb of penis
Erection*
- when erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to become enlarged and rigid
Hormones of the Reproductive System
Sex Hormones
(steroid hormones)- vital in the development and function of reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behaviors, and sexual drives.
Male Sex Hormone
Testosterone
Prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
Deficiency can lead to atrophy of accessory organs, semen vol. decrease, and impaired ejaculation/erection.
Induces
male secondary sex characteristics
, which include:
Appearance of pubic, auxiliary, and facial hair
Enhanced growth of hair @ chest
Larynx enlarges (deepened voice)
Skin thickens and becomes oily
Basis of sex drive
(labido)
Bones grow and increase in density
Boosts basal metabolic rate
Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
Female Sex Hormones
Estrogen
Promotes oogenesis and follicle growth @ ovary
Exerts anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Has metabolic effects such as:
Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
Facilitates calcium uptake
Supports rapid short-lived growth spurts @ puberty
Induces
secondary sex characteristics
such as:
Growth of breasts
Increase deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips/breasts)
Widening and lightening of pelvis
Progesterone
Works w/ estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
Promotes changes in cervical mucus
Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
Inhibits uterine mobility
Helps prepare breasts for
lactation
(production of breast milk for newborn)
Methods and Classifications of Contraceptives
Mechanical:
Diaphragm
- must use every time you have sex; put in vagina with spermicide (88% effectiveness)
Side effects
: allergic reaction, irritation
Internal Condom
- use every time you have sex; provides protection against STDs in vagina (79% effectiveness)
Side effects
: allergic reaction, irritation
External Condoms
- use every time you have sex; provides protection against STDs on penis (82% effectiveness)
Side effect
: allergic reaction, irritation
Chemical:
Spermicides
- cream to apply in vagina in order to kill sperm (72% effectiveness)
Side effect
: allergic reaction, irritation
Injectables
- a shot in the arm/under the skin that is needed every three months (94% effectiveness)
Side effects
: may cause weight gain
Pill
- a pill that must be swallowed everyday to prevent pregnancy (91% effectiveness)
Side effects
: nausea, breast tenderness, risk of blood clots
Behavioral:
Fertility Awareness
- monitor fertility signs and abstains of use of condoms on fertile days (76% effectiveness)
No side effects
Withdrawal
- to pull penis out of vagina before ejaculation (80% effectiveness)
No side effects
Surgical:
Female Sterilization
- a permanent one-time surgical procedure (99% effectiveness)
Side effects
: pain, bleeding, risk of infection
Male Sterilization
- a permanent one-time surgical procedure (99% effectiveness)
Side effects
: pain, bleeding, risk of infection
IUD
- can be used as emergency contraceptive if places within 5 days of having unprotected sex. It is inserted by a healthcare provider and can last 10 years
Side effects
: some discomfort with placement
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
Female Duct System
- uterine tube syste does not have contact with ovaries
Uterus
- hallow, thick-walled, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum
Regions of Uterus:
Body
- major portion
Isthmus
- narrowed inferior region
Cervical canal
- communicates with vagina and uterine body
Fundus
- rounded superior region
Cervix
- narrow neck/outlet; projects into vagina
3 Layer of Uterine Wall:
Perimetrium
- outermost serous layer
Myometrium
- bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle; contracts rhythmically during childbirth
Endometrium
- mucosai lining where fertilized egg burrows and resides during development
Vagina
- thin-walled tube 8-10 cm in length
Functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
Vaginal secretions are highly acidic to kill bacteria
Hymen
- incomplete partition formed by mucosa near vaginal orifice; can rupture with sexual intercourse
Uterine Tubes
(fallopian tubes/oviducts)- receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
Infundibulum
- funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity; site where fertilization usually occurs
Fimbriae
- ciliated projections
Captures oocyte during ovulation
Oocyte is carried toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
Mammary Glands
- main function is to produce milk to nourish newborn
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes
Areola
- pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
Amount of fat deposits affect breast size
Lobules within lobes contain
glandular alveoli
that produce milk
Ovaries
- paired structures that flank the uterus; female gonads that produce female gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones,
estrogen
and
progesterone
Suspensory ligament and
mesovarium
are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovarian follicles
- tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex
Contain immature egg (oocyte) encased in 1+ layers of different cells
Ovulation
- each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte
Each ovary is held in place by several ligaments:
Ovarian ligament
- anchors ovary to uterus
Suspensory ligament
- anchors ovary to pelvic wall
External Genitalia
- external sex organs; also known as the
vulva
and
pudendum
Labia majora
- hair-covered, fatty skin folds (counterpart of male scrotum)
Labia minora
- skin fold lying within labia majora
Mons pubis
- fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Vestibule
- recess within labia minora
Perineum
- diamond-shaped region btwn pubic arch and coccyx
Clitoris
- anterior to vestibule; has erectile tissue
Reproductive System Disorders
Cancers
Male Reproductive System
Prostate Cancer
- 3rd most common cause of cancer death (affects 1 in 6 U.S. men)
Treatment
: surgery/ radiation
Metastatic prostate cancer treated with drugs that block testosterone synthesis/action
Digital exam screening, PSA levels can be checked
Testicular Cancer
- rare, but most common cancer in men (age 15-35)
Cryptorchidism
- most common risk factor (nondescent of testes)
Sign
: painless, solid mass in testis
Having mumps that lead to
orchitic
(inflammation of testes) could be a risk factor
Treatment
: 90% cured by surgical removal of testis, radiation, or chemotherapy
Female Reproductive System
Invasive Breast Cancer
- most common malignancy, 2nd most common cause of cancer death in U.S. women (13% of women develop condition
Usually arises from epithelial cells of smallest ducts that eventually metastasize
Risk factors (70% of women have no known risk factors):
Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
No or short periods of breast feeding
Family history of breast cancer
10% due to hereditary defects (mutations to genes BRCA1 and BRCA2)
50-80% of women with these genes develop breast cancer
Greater risk for ovarian cancer as well
Diagnosis
: early detection via self-examination and mammography (type of x-ray examination)
Treatment
: radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery often followed by radiation/ chemo to destroy stray cells; drugs for estrogen-responsive cancers
Cervical Cancer
- affects 450,000 women annually, killing half (age 30-50)
Risk factors
:
Frequent cervical inflammation
STIs, including HPV
Multiple pregnancies
Pap smear
for protection; ages 21-30 need to get it every 3 years while ages 30-65 can get it every 5 years with HPV testing
Gardasil
- three-dose vaccine, protects against HPV (ages 11-12)
STIs
Sexually Transmitted Infections
(STIs)- single most important cause of reproductive disorders
Parasitic STIs
- can be treated with antibiotic medication; can be prevented by having no sex or using latex condoms
Trichomoniasis
- a very common STD that is caused by a protozon parasite; cause by Trichomonas vaginalis
Symptoms
: itching/irritation inside penis, burning after urination, discharge from penis, redness/soreness around genitals, unusually colored discharge with odd odor
Viral STIs
- can be treated with antiviral medication, daily suppressive therapy, and antiretroviral therapy (ART); can be prevented by using latex condoms, staying abstinent, or taking PrEP in the case of HIV
Genital Herpes
- an STD caused by the viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2
Symptoms
: one or two blisters on/around the genitals, rectum, or mouth; body aches, fever, swollen glands
Hepatitis
- a virus that can progress to chronic infection and lead to health problems such as liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death; caused by HBV, HAV, or HCV
Symptoms
: abdominal pain, liver damage, bleeding
AIDS/HIV
- a sexually transmitted virus that weakens a person's immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection
Symptoms
: fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, mouth ulcers
HPV
- the most common STI that can cause health problems including genital warts and cancer
Symptoms
: little bumps on/around genital area
Bacterial STIs
- most can be treated with antibiotics; can be prevented by latex condoms and mutually monogamous relationships
Gonorrhea
- an STD that can affect both men and women by causing an infection in genitals, throat, and rectum; caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Symptoms
: burning sensation when urinating, white/yellow/green discharge from penis, painful testicles, vaginal bleeding btwn. periods
PID
- an infection of a woman's reproductive system; caused by other STDs
Symptoms
: pain in lower abdomen, fever, unusual discharge with bad odor from vagina, pain/bleeding when having sex, burning sensation when urinating
Chlamydia
- a common STD that can infect women and men , putting women at risk of serious, permanent damage to their reproductive system and even pregnancy issues.
Symptoms
: abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating, pain/swelling on one or more testicles, rectal pain
Bacterial Vaginosis
- a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina
Symptoms
: thin/white vaginal discharge, itching and burning in vagina, strong fish-like odor, burning when urinating
Syphilis
- an STI that can cause serious health problems if not treated; caused by Treponema pallidum
Symptoms
: painless sores, skin rashes, mucous membrane lesions, fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, weight loss
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
- monthly series of events associated with the maturation of the egg
Ovulation
- each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
Caused by high hormone levels (especially FSH)
One from this grouo is "selected" each month to become dom. follicle
In-btwn. follicular and luteal phases (doesn't count as phase of ovarian cycle)
The ovary walls ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Fraternal twins
- 1-2% of ovulations release more than 1 secondary oocyte (if fertilized)
identical twins
- 1 oocyte gets fertilized, then daughter cell gets seperated
Luteal Phase
- period of corpus luteum activity (day 14-28)
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses -> antrum fills with clotted blood
Remaining cells form
corpus luteum
(secretes progesterone and some estrogen)
Endometrium begins to erode in the last 2-3 days
If no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into
corpus albicans
(scar) in 10 days
If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over (~3 months)
Follicular Phase
- period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
Dom. follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
Other non-dom. follicles undergo
atresia
(degeneration and resorption)
Primary oocyte of dom. follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte.
Several vesicle (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
The Uterine/Menstrual Cycle
- cyclic changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Menstrual Phase
(Days 1-5)
Ovarian hormones are at lowest level
Stratum functionalis
detaches from uterine wall and is shed (menstrual flow of blood/tissue occurs for 3-5 days)
Gondotropin levels begin to rise
By day 5, groing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
Proliferation (preovulatory) Phase
(days 6-14)
Estrogen levels rise, resulting in a new stratum functionalis layer
As layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
Estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
Ovulation occurs at end of day 14
Secretory (postovulatory) Phase
(days 15-28)
Phase that's most consistent in duration
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
If fertilization doesn't occur:
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
Endometrial cells die and glands regress
Blood vessels fragment; functional layer sloughs off
Uterine cycle starts all over again (first day of menstruation)
Major Functions of the Reproductive System
Male and female reproductive organs differ in various ways, but share the same 4 tasks:
Bringing Gametes Together
- from male and female together through sexual intercourse (copulation)
Combining Genetic Info
- combines genetic info contained within gametes through
fertilization
Zygote
- first cell of new individual and all body cells arise from it
Formed when sperm and egg fuse together
Forming Gametes
- both organs works to form specialized cells meant for sexual reproduction; usually through
meiosis
Ova
- gametes in females
Oogenesis
- the production of female gametes that begins in the fetal period
Primary Oocytes
- undergo meiosis I to produce
secondary oocytes
Secondary Oocytes
- undergo meiosis II to produce ova; meiosis is only completed if fertilization occurs
Oogenia
(diploid stem cells)- divide by mitosis to produce
primary oocytes
Sperm
- gametes in males
Spermatogenesis
- process of forming male gametes
Begins @ puberty (~14 years of age)
Adult males make ~90 sperm daily
Occurs @ seminiferous tubules (usually takes 64-72 days)
Support Development
- supports the development of the fetus
(gestation)
and birth of baby
(parturition)