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Concept Map: 11 Reproductive System Viriahelyn Calvillo P:6 -…
Concept Map: 11 Reproductive System Viriahelyn Calvillo
P:6
Major functions of the Reproductive system
Male/ Female:
primary sex organs(gonads): testes (male) and ovaries (females) produce two products:
1.) Gametes:sperm (male) and ova (females)
gamete formed by cell division called meiosis
2.)Sex Hormones (steroid hormones): Testosterone (males) and estrogen and progesterone (females)
vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs /tissues, sexual behavior , and sexual drives
accessory reproductive Organs : ducts, glands , and external genitalia
Both:they share the same for task
1.) They form specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes
sperm-gametes in males
ova(egg)-gametes in females
2.)bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse (copulation)
3.)Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization
3.)Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
4.)Support Development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturiton)
-they both are homologous structures
-they share common origin during development
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testes:sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts
1.)epididymis
2.)ductus deferens
3.)ejaculatory ducts
4.) Urethra
accessory sex glands: seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo urethral glands
The scrotum:
sac of skin and superficial fascia
hangs out abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
contains paired testes
3 degree lower then core body temp
lower temp necessary for sperm production
mid line septum divide scrotum into two compartments, 1 for each testis
scrotum is affected by temperature changes
Accessory ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
The testes
sperm mature in epididymis
highly coiled
pass slowly through at rate that takes 20 days , when they finally gains ability to swim
can be stores several months
during ejaculation, epididymis, contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens
Spermatognesis: process of forming male gametes
occurs in seminiferous tubules
begins at puberty around 14 years of age
adult males make 90 million sperm daily
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
reproductive role of female is more complex because of pregnancies
Ovaries: female gonads
-produce female gametes (ova)
secrete female sex hormones , estrogen and progesterone
Internal Genitalia: located in pelvic activity; include ovaries and duct system
External genitalia: external sex organ
Female duct system: uterine tube system doesn't have direct contact with ovaries
ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never make it to tube system
Tubes includes: uterine tube, uterus , and vagina
Uterine tube:
also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
each tube 10 cm (4 inches) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
Regions of uterine tube
infundibulum: funnel shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
is site where fertilization occurs
The uterus:
hallow, thick walled, muscular organ,
function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
regions of uterus
Body: major portion
Fundus: rounded superior region
Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
cervical canal: communicates with:
vagina via external os
uterine body via internal os
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HGP) Axis
Hormones involved:
Gonadtropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
released by hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Sex hormones : testosterone (males) and estrogen and progesterone (females) act at target tissues in body
exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Inhibin:
released from gonads of both men and females
exert negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Events of females hormonal cycles
Stages of Follicle Development
follicles and oocytes may take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
Maturation process occurs in two phases
Phase 1:
gonadtropin independent pre-antralphase involves intrafollicular paracrines
Phase 2:
antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
dominant follicle is selected
primary oocyte resumes meiosisI
Stages
a primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
follicle is now called primary (1)follicle
oocyte secretes glycoprotien substances that forms zona pellicuda that encapsulates oocyte
primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
primary is now called the secondary follicle
secondary follicle becomes vesicular follicle
Antrum: Large cavity that is formed when all fluid coalesces
distinguishes vesicular follicle from previous follciles
antrum continues to expand with fluid isolating oocyte
isolated oocyte with it's surrounding granulosa cells called corona radiata
it's ready to be ovulated
Antrum:large cavity that is formed when all the coalesces
distinguishes vesicular from previous follicles
Ovarian cycle
monthly series of events associated with maturation egg
follicular phase:: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
two consecutive phases with ovulation occurring mid cycle between phases
Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity(days 14-28)
only 10%-15% women have 28 day cycle
follicular phase varies but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
Disorders associates with the reproductive system
Chlamydia
most common bacterial STI in the US
caused by chlamydia trachomatis
can be contracted from birth canals by newborns
responsible for 25%-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges, abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
only 20%of women and 10% of men have symptoms
left untreated, ca lead to sterility
Trichomoniasis
parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
easily and inexpensively treated
symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
30% have yellow green vaginal discharge with strong odor
Gonorrhea
bacterial infections of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
most infections are asymptomatic
treatment: antibiotics
Syphilis
infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
caused by treponema pallidum
infected fetuses can be stillborn or die shortly after birth
bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
bacteria is asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks and then painless chancre appears at site of infection
disappears within a few weeks
Methods and classification of contraceptives
Female Sterilization
tubal ligation (cutting of th uterine tubes, preventing reaching egg
IUD
objects implanted in the uterus are either tox and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of cervical mucus
Male Sterilization
vasectomy male removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from semen
Injectables
injection of a progesterone derivative presents maturation and ovulation works for 3 min
Pill
Contains estrogen & progestrone to pregnancy, distrupts normal, hormonal pattern of female cycle and prevent maturation and ovulation and examples: chemical ring, pattern, oral contraception
injection of a progesterone derivative prevents maturation & ovulation and it works for 3 months
Internal condoms
put in vagina, and every time you have sex, it must be worn