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Ethics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - God commands the good because it is good, and so the good is determined by another force which is more powerful than God. This creates dualism. Here, he loses omnipotence. Also means God's presence is not needed to account for morality, so moral arguments, eg. Kant's, fail.
      - The good is good because it is commanded by God, and so is arbitrary and can be changed at any time. Here, he loses omnibenevolence.
- - - - Unqualified: moral conflicts aren't real. Moral absolutes admit no exceptions. eg. Moral Law
      - Conflicting absolutism: conflicts do happen, so humans are guilty whatever decision they make. Theologians like Luther take this view
      - Graded absolutism: There are higher and lower moral laws and conflicts are unavoidable. There are levels of duty.
- - - - Diversity thesis: what is considered right and wrong varies between societies, so there are no universally held morals
      - Dependency thesis: the validity of morals depend on their culture
      - Conclusion: there are no universally valid morals
      - Bok: universal minimal morality
        
        All cultures recognise a minimal number of universal morals, eg. "duties of support and loyalty, injunctions against harm and deceit, and procedural justice"
      - Davidson: common concepts
        
        Our ability to have meaningful discourse with other cultures means we must share common concepts
        
        We must share moral concepts as well
    - - It is impossible to define a 'culture' as we participate in so many, eg. religion, family, school, friends
      - This therefore collapses into agent relativism
      - There are no objective moral judgements meaning that Hitler would be considered morally the same as Mother Teresa
  - - - Argument from relativity
        
        Morality differs between cultures
      - Argument from queerness
        
        If there were objective values they would be entities different from everything else in the universe
  - - - Personalism: humans considered first
      - Relativism: actions are relative to the situation
      - Pragmatism: the course of action must be practical
      - Positivism: must choose love as the guiding moral principle
- - - - Normative relativism (we shouldn't judge other cultures)