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The First World War, fought between 1914 and 1918, by various European…

- - - - the United States
        
        decided to join the war on the side of the Allies
        
        decided to join the war on the side of the Allies
    - - Germany had initiated submarine attacks
        
        endangering the American merchant fleet
    - - caused Russia to withdraw from the war
        
        after signing the Peace of Brest-Litovsk
  - - - the Allies
        
        stabilised and a new phase of the war began
        
        As they could not advance
        
        they focused on defending their positions
        
        they built trenches
      - Germany
      - to break it
        
        new military tactics were used
        
        example: continually attacking the same place
        
        they used battleships and submarines
  - - - allowed the Allied forces
        
        to advance on the Western Front
    - - drove the Central Powers to seek peace
        
        Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
        
        on 11 November 1918
        
        the Armistice was signed
  - - - 2- invading
        
        Belgium
        
        the north of France
        
        Once France was defeated
        
        German troops advanced on the Eastern Front to fight the Russians
      - 1- launching a rapid offensive on the Western Front
      - The German plan did not succeed
        
        because the French and British armies stopped their advance
        
        at the First Battle of the Marne
        
        Japan occupied the German colonies in
        
        the Pacific
        
        China
- - - - Germany
        
        wanted to keep Morocco out of France's control
        
        tried to establish Morocco as a German protectorate
    - - Montenegro
      - Greece
      - Bulgaria
        
        declared war on the Ottoman Empire
        
        for the possession of its territories in the Balkans
      - Serbia
    - - the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
        
        This led to protests from the Serbians living in Bosnia
    - - after another confrontation with France
        
        In exchange
        
        France ceded a part of its territories in the Congo to Germany
  - - - was assassinated in Sarajevo
        
        On 28 July 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia
      - the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire
  - - - this led to recurring crises in the Balkans
      - Serbia was angry about the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the area
    - - constructed a large fleet of merchant ships
        
        in order to dominate international trade
      - which had become an economic power
        
        during the Second Industrial Revolution
    - - These disputes created a pre-war atmosphere
        
        the European powers continued to increase spending on arms
        
        to increase their military capability
      - France and Germany also competed for control of colonies
        
        especially Morocco
        
        which led to two Moroccan crises
      - which it had lost to the German Empire
        
        after the Franco-Prussian War
- - - - all economic activity was directed towards the war effort
      - The industrial sector
        
        concentrated on the production of
        
        military equipment
        
        supplies
        
        weapons
        
        cannons
        
        planes
        
        uniforms
      - Agricultural and consumer goods production
        
        decreased
        
        because there weren't enough labourers
        
        there were shortages of some products
        
        prices increased
      - Governments intervened
        
        to control the distribution of
        
        basic goods
        
        food
        
        bread
        
        potatoes
        
        Rationing was introduced
        
        people received ration cards
        
        that could be used to obtain rationed goods
        
        so the black market developed
  - - - young men were conscripted or recruited into the armed forces
    - - Women had to leave the home
        
        to fill the positions the men had left
        
        For the first time
        
        women were allowed to do jobs in economic sectors
        
        transport
        
        offices
        
        industry
- - - - women did not accept the return to traditional roles after the war
      - women demonstrated that they were capable of doing the same jobs as men
      - In many countries
        
        women began to fight for the right to vote
    - - factories
        
        were damaged and destroyed in areas of combat
        
        negative impact on the economies of these countries
      - agricultural land
      - transport networks
    - - there were
        
        tens of millions of victims of the war
        
        millions were injured
        
        As a result
        
        there was a drastic reduction in
        
        the available workforce
        
        birth rates
        
        disappeared
        
        mutilated
    - - due to material losses and loans from the United States during the war
      - The United States
        
        became the world's leading economic power
  - - - A new map of Europe was drawn up
        
        From the German Empire
        
        part of Czechoslovakia
        
        part of Poland
        
        the German Republic
        
        From the Russian Empire
        
        Latvia
        
        Lithuania
        
        Estonia
        
        Finland
        
        Poland
        
        From the Ottoman Empire
        
        Lebanon
        
        Jordan
        
        Turkey
        
        Syria
        
        Iraq
        
        part of Arabia
        
        Palestine
        
        From the Austro-Hungarian Empire
        
        Hungary
        
        Czechoslovakia
        
        Austria
        
        Yugoslavia
    - - The peace treaties
        
        redistribution of the colonies belonging to the defeated countries
        
        Allied powers industrial development
        
        provided the Allies with
        
        raw materials
        
        a workforce
        
        markets
- - - - to decide on the peace conditions
        
        that would be imposed on the defeated countries
      - The United States President Woodrow Wilson
        
        proposed a peace agreement during the war
        
        in January 1918
        
        the Fourteen Points
        
        intended as a basis for peace negotiations
        
        based on creating
        
        a League of Nations
        
        the establishment of democratic states
        
        freedom of trade
        
        respect for a nation's right to self-determination
        
        The plan was rejected by the Allied countries
        
        who had been devastated during four years of war
        
        France
        
        insisted on severe conditions for the defeated countries
        
        It considered Germany
        
        to be responsible for the war
        
        wanted Germany to pay for the damage it had caused
      - After long negotiations
        
        the Paris Peace Settlement was agreed
        
        Five separate treaties
        
        ratified by the Allied countries
        
        signed by each of the defeated countries
        
        The Treaty of Versailles
        
        established particularly severe terms for Germany
        
        reduction of its territories
        
        with the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France
        
        the loss of the Sudetenland
        
        demilitarisation of the region of the Rhineland
        
        payment of huge economic reparations
        
        prohibition of heavy artillery
        
        submarines
        
        planes
        
        division of its eastern territories into two parts
        
        to give Poland access to the sea
        
        The German representatives
        
        protested against what they considered to be humiliating conditions
        
        ultimately they had to accept them
        
        it was to become the source of future conflict