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Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II image Silvia Guisasola -…

- - - - Many of them did not behave appropriately.
    - - They did not respect the morals they preached.
    - - The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the population.
    - - These positions provided an income and economic rights.
    - - Indulgences: It is a way to reduce the amount of punishment a person has to do for committing a sin.
  - - - Free interpretation of the Bible.
      - Salvation depends on god's will.
      - Rejection of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics.
      - Rejection of the sacraments (except baptism and the Eucharist).
      - Opposition to the Church owning property.
    - - 1517: Luther publishes 95 Theses.
      - 1521: The Pope demands that he retracts at the Diet of Worms.
      - 1522: Luther translates the Bible into German.
      - 1536: Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.
      - 1559-1562: Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain.
  - - - Ultricht Zwingli
      - The doctrine
        
        Proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy.
        
        Rejected the authority of the Pope.
    - - The doctrine
        
        Predestination
      - Where
        
        Switzerland
        
        England (puritans)
        
        Scotland (Presbyterians)
        
        France (Huguenots)
        
        The north of the Low Countries
      - Calvinism: It is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin. Calvinists do not believe in the importance of the Eucharist like Lutherans do, among other things.
      - John Calvin
    - - Henry VIII
        
        He broke with the Church because he wanted to divorce his wife
      - Anglicanism: It is the beliefs and practices of the Church of England, and of the churches related to it. Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible among other things.
- - - - Excommunicated: officially excluded from participation in the Christian Church.
      - He had protection from German nobles.
        
        They saw an opportunity to become richer.
        
        They wanted to have autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire.
    - - He was a devout Catholic.
        
        Devout: having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment.
      - He tried to mediate to prevent the division of the Church.
    - - No agreement was reached.
      - Diet of Worms: a general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms in Germany to address the claims of Martin Luther in relation to the corruption that was happening in the Church at the time.
    - - The Schmalkaldic League: it was a was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. The fought against any attempt to return to Catholic practices.
    - - Catholics defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg (1547).
      - France sided against the Emperor
    - - It granted the Protestant princes religious freedom.
      - It provoked a series of religious wars:
        
        In France
        
        Between Catholics and Protestants.
        
        Massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day (1572).
        
        Edict of Nantes
        
        It ended the conflicts (1598).
        
        It granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom.
        
        In the Low Countries
        
        A rebellion against Spanish rule.
        
        A civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
        
        Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648).
        
        It ended with the victory of the Calvinists.
        
        In the British Isles
        
        Among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans.
        
        Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651).
        
        It ended with the Anglicans gaining power.
    - - Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other.
      - The Pope and the Emperor became less influential.
        
        The Protestant kings and nobles gained power.
  - - - The Council of Trent: it was held between 1545 and 1563, and it established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism.
      - The clarification of their teachings.
        
        The principles were maintained.
      - Internal reform.
        
        Seminaries and universities were founded to train the priests.
        
        Bishops were more strictly controlled.
        
        The sale of indulgences was prohibited.
        
        The religious orders were reformed.
        
        The Society of Jesus.
        
        Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534.
        
        They became the main group who spread the teachings.
      - The repression of Protestantism.
        
        Its followers were considered heretics.
        
        The Inquisition was reinforced.
        
        An Index of forbidden books was published.
- - - - Their were not sufficient to finance their foreign policies.
      - They became indebted to Italian and German bankers.
    - - Their domestic policy continued to be discriminatory.
      - They waged wars against the Protestant states.
        
        To wage: begin (a war).
  - - - It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars.
      - It enriched the nobility.
        
        They used the silver and gold to buy luxury products.
        
        The majority of the population became poorer.
      - The craft industry began to grow.
        
        The rise in prices made Spanish products more expensive.
      - The monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects.
        
        When these resources ran out they resorted to increasing taxes.
        
        Taxes were collected from the peasants and the bourgeoisie.
      - The economy continued to be based on agriculture.
    - - Only small local craft industries were able to survive.
      - This fall in production also affected trade.
      - The number of people who had to beg to survive increased.
        
        Many joined the clergy to escape poverty.
- - - - He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand.
      - He gave to Felipe II Castilla and his territories in the Americas, the Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories and the Low Countries and Franche-Comté.
        
        He also inherited Portugal (and its territories) when the king died (1580).
        
        His army defeated the Portuguese nobles who opposed.
        
        In order to govern his empire increased bureaucracy.
        
        By founding the Council of Portugal.
        
        Granting power to the secretaries who acted as intermediaries.
        
        In 1561 he made Madrid the capital of his kingdom.
  - - - Antonio Pérez (a secretary) was accused of assassination in Castilla.
        
        He was able to take refuge in Aragón.
        
        The king used the Inquisition to capture him.
        
        Pérez to fled to France.
      - Fueros: A Spanish code of ancient laws that applied within a certain area.
    - - He could continue funding the military.
        
        Thanks to the discovery of new mines in the Americas.
        
        Thanks to the increase in taxes.
    - - It was finally suppressed the army led by John of Austria in 1570.
    - - It aimed to discredit Felipe II.
      - The belief spread that Spain was fanatical and ignorant.
        
        Because of...
        
        The political oppression of Protestants during the decades 1550-60.
        
        The death of Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1568).
        
        The achievements of the "tercios".
  - - - Henry II signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559.
      - A civil war broke out between Catholics and Protestants.
      - Felipe II supported the Catholics.
    - - In 1568, the places where Calvinism had spread rose up against the king.
      - Felipe II sent the Duke of Alba but didn't manage to contain the war.
      - The Duke of Alba was replaced by Alexander Farnese.
        
        He maintained control of the southern provinces.
        
        The northern territories proclaimed the independence in 1581.
      - The war lasted until 1648.
    - - Felipe II sent the Holy League to end Ottoman control over the Mediterranean.
        
        It was an alliance between Spain, Venice and the Pope.
        
        The fleet was commanded by John of Austria.
      - In the Battle of Lepanto (1571) the Ottomans were defeated.
    - - Elizabet I supported the English pirates who acted against Spain.
        
        She was Anglican and defended the Protestant rebels against the King of Spain.
      - Felipe II formed the Great Armada (a fleet of 130 ships).
        
        Its objective was to transport troops from Portugal and Flanders, invade England and depose the queen.
        
        It was defeated by English attacks.
- - - - Saint Teresa of Jesus.
      - Saint John of the Cross.
    - - The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea (Fernando de Rojas).
      - Lazarillo de Tormes (unknown author).
  - - - Classicist
        
        It strove for harmony and serenity.
        
        It was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting
        
        Mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed.
      - Mannerist
        
        The works were expressive and had a dramatic quality.
  - - - This style is characterised by ornate facades.
    - - This style reproduced the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance.
      - The amount of decoration was reduced.
      - Classical elements were accentuated such as columns and pediments.
    - - Austere decoration and geometric spaces.
      - Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
        
        It was designed to reflect the greatness of Felipe II's empire.
        
        It was built on a massive scale.
        
        It consists of a palace, a monastery with a chuch and a pantheon.
  - - - The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian(Alonso Berruguete).
      - The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish(Juan de Juni.
  - - - Influenced by Michael Angelo and Mannerism.
      - From the middle of the century.
    - - In the last third of the century.
      - He worked in Toledo.
      - His works are characterised by the drama and spirituality, the use of elongated figures, cool colours and dark tones.
  - - - Spaniards were not allowed to study in other countries.
      - Books printed outside were not allowed into the country.