Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
image
Silvia Guisasola

The protestant reformation image

Religious wars and the counter-reformation image

Spanish Habsburg dynasty image

Felipe II image

Spanish culture in the 16th century image

Causes

Luther's break from Rome

The spread of the reformation image

Religious wars image

The counter reformation image

The religious wars

Economy and society in the 16th century

A global empire image

Domestic problems image

The wars of Felipe II

Literature image

Art

Architecture

Sculpture

Painting

The low clergy's lack of training. image

Many of them did not behave appropriately.

The bad example set by the high clergy. image

They did not respect the morals they preached.

The church's wealth. image

The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the population.

The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions. image

These positions provided an income and economic rights.

The sale of indulgences. image

Carlos V image

His main principles:

Free interpretation of the Bible. image

Salvation depends on god's will. image

Rejection of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics.

Rejection of the sacraments (except baptism and the Eucharist). image

Opposition to the Church owning property. image

He was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church. image

1517: Luther publishes 95 Theses. image

1521: The Pope demands that he retracts at the Diet of Worms. image

1522: Luther translates the Bible into German. image

1536: Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.

1559-1562: Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain. image

The Reformed Church in the city of Zurich

Calvinism

Anglican Church

Ultricht Zwingli image

Henry VIII image

The doctrine

Proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy.

The doctrine

Rejected the authority of the Pope.

Predestination

He broke with the Church because he wanted to divorce his wife

Where

Switzerland

England (puritans)

Scotland (Presbyterians)

France (Huguenots)

The north of the Low Countries

Reformation: The Reformation was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century. It instigated the division of the Christian Church and the founding of Protestant churches.

Indulgences: It is a way to reduce the amount of punishment a person has to do for committing a sin.

Lutherism: A Protestant religion. It is based on the teachings of Martin Luther, which emphasises the importance of faith and the authority of the Bible.

Calvinism: It is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin. Calvinists do not believe in the importance of the Eucharist like Lutherans do, among other things.

Anglicanism: It is the beliefs and practices of the Church of England, and of the churches related to it. Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible among other things.

In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and prosecuted him. image

Excommunicated: officially excluded from participation in the Christian Church.

He had protection from German nobles. image

They saw an opportunity to become richer. image

They wanted to have autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. image

In 1519, Carlos I was appointed Emperor . image

He was a devout Catholic. image

Devout: having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment.

He tried to mediate to prevent the division of the Church.

Diet of Worms image

No agreement was reached. image

The protestant German princes

The Schmalkaldic League: it was a was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. The fought against any attempt to return to Catholic practices.

A civil war broke out. image

Catholics defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg (1547). image

France sided against the Emperor

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed. image

It granted the Protestant princes religious freedom.

It provoked a series of religious wars:

In France

In the Low Countries

In the British Isles

Between Catholics and Protestants.

A rebellion against Spanish rule.

A civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics

Massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day (1572). image

Edict of Nantes image

It ended the conflicts (1598).

It granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom.

Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). image

It ended with the victory of the Calvinists.

Among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans.

Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651). image

It ended with the Anglicans gaining power.

Consequences

Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other.

The Pope and the Emperor became less influential.

The Protestant kings and nobles gained power. image

John Calvin image

Diet of Worms: a general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms in Germany to address the claims of Martin Luther in relation to the corruption that was happening in the Church at the time.

The Counter-Reformation was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation.

The Council of Trent image

The Council of Trent: it was held between 1545 and 1563, and it established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism.

The clarification of their teachings.

Internal reform.

The repression of Protestantism.

The principles were maintained.

Seminaries and universities were founded to train the priests. image

Bishops were more strictly controlled. image

The sale of indulgences was prohibited.

The religious orders were reformed.

The Society of Jesus. image

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534. image

They became the main group who spread the teachings. image

Its followers were considered heretics.

The Inquisition was reinforced.

An Index of forbidden books was published. image

To retain their territorial patrimony. image

To defend Catholicism

Their were not sufficient to finance their foreign policies.

They became indebted to Italian and German bankers. image

Their domestic policy continued to be discriminatory. image

They waged wars against the Protestant states.

To wage: begin (a war).

Sevilla monopolised trade through the Casa de Contratación.

To protect the ships Felipe II organised a fleet system. image

The arrival of precious metals affected the Monarchy: image

It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars. image

It enriched the nobility. image

The craft industry began to grow. image

The monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects. image

The economy continued to be based on agriculture. image

They used the silver and gold to buy luxury products.

The majority of the population became poorer.

The rise in prices made Spanish products more expensive.

When these resources ran out they resorted to increasing taxes. image

Taxes were collected from the peasants and the bourgeoisie. image

At the end the Spanish economy went into decline. image

Only small local craft industries were able to survive.

This fall in production also affected trade.

The number of people who had to beg to survive increased. image

Many joined the clergy to escape poverty. image

Carlos V divided up the territories he inherited.

He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand.

He gave to Felipe II Castilla and his territories in the Americas, the Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories and the Low Countries and Franche-Comté. image

He also inherited Portugal (and its territories) when the king died (1580).

In order to govern his empire increased bureaucracy.

By founding the Council of Portugal.

Granting power to the secretaries who acted as intermediaries.

In 1561 he made Madrid the capital of his kingdom. image

His army defeated the Portuguese nobles who opposed.

All the kingdoms on the Peninsula maintained their own laws.

Antonio Pérez (a secretary) was accused of assassination in Castilla. image

He was able to take refuge in Aragón. image

The king used the Inquisition to capture him. image

Pérez to fled to France. image

Carlos V had left the Crown in financial ruin. image

He could continue funding the military. image

Thanks to the discovery of new mines in the Americas. image

Thanks to the increase in taxes. image

Moriscos in Granada revolted in 1568 (War of the Alpujarras). image

It was finally suppressed the army led by John of Austria in 1570. image

The Spanish Monarchy's domination led to the black legend. image

Fueros: A Spanish code of ancient laws that applied within a certain area.

It aimed to discredit Felipe II.

The belief spread that Spain was fanatical and ignorant.

Because of...

The political oppression of Protestants during the decades 1550-60. image

The death of Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1568). image

The achievements of the "tercios". image

Spanish culture was influenced by the Counter-Reformation. image

Felipe II impeded access to its doctrines in the following ways:

Spaniards were not allowed to study in other countries. image

Books printed outside were not allowed into the country. image

Science in Spain progressed slowly because of the lack of communication.

Religion played a fundamental role in all works of art. image

The most famous authors wrote about their spiritual experiences. image

Saint Teresa of Jesus. image

Saint John of the Cross. image

Novels contained realistic portrayals of daily life.

The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea (Fernando de Rojas). image

Lazarillo de Tormes (unknown author). image

Garcilaso de la Vega was the most important poet. image

The church and the monarchy used art to spread their ideas. image

The most important ones were depictions of religious themes and portraits.

Main styles:

Classicist image

Mannerist image

It strove for harmony and serenity. image

It was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting

Mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed.

The works were expressive and had a dramatic quality.

In the first third of the century, the Plateresque style dominated.

This style is characterised by ornate facades. image

In the second third of the century, Classicist style dominated.

This style reproduced the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance.

The amount of decoration was reduced.

Classical elements were accentuated such as columns and pediments.

In the last third of the century, the Herrerian style dominated.

Austere decoration and geometric spaces.

Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. image

It was designed to reflect the greatness of Felipe II's empire.

It was built on a massive scale.

It consists of a palace, a monastery with a chuch and a pantheon.

Leoni Leoni and his son Pompeo Leoni.

With the mannerism, the sculptures became more expressive. image

The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian(Alonso Berruguete). image

The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish(Juan de Juni. image

Ecce Homo and The Last Supper (Juan de Juanes). image

Carlos V at the Battle of Mülberg and Isabella of Portugal (Titian, Carlos V's painter). image

Alonso Sánchez Coello and Juan Pantoja de Cruz were Felipe II's portrait painters.

Madonna and Child and Piety (Luis de Morales). image

Influenced by Michael Angelo and Mannerism.

From the middle of the century.

The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, The Disrobing of Christ and The Holy Trinity (El Greco). image

In the last third of the century.

He worked in Toledo.

His works are characterised by the drama and spirituality, the use of elongated figures, cool colours and dark tones.

Against France.

Against the Protestants.

Against the Ottoman Empire.

Against England.

Henry II signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559. image

A civil war broke out between Catholics and Protestants.

Felipe II supported the Catholics.

In 1568, the places where Calvinism had spread rose up against the king.

Felipe II sent the Duke of Alba but didn't manage to contain the war. image

The Duke of Alba was replaced by Alexander Farnese. image

He maintained control of the southern provinces.

The northern territories proclaimed the independence in 1581.

The war lasted until 1648.

Felipe II sent the Holy League to end Ottoman control over the Mediterranean. image

It was an alliance between Spain, Venice and the Pope.

The fleet was commanded by John of Austria. image

In the Battle of Lepanto (1571) the Ottomans were defeated. image

Elizabet I supported the English pirates who acted against Spain. image

She was Anglican and defended the Protestant rebels against the King of Spain.

Felipe II formed the Great Armada (a fleet of 130 ships). image

Its objective was to transport troops from Portugal and Flanders, invade England and depose the queen.

It was defeated by English attacks.