Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
Silvia Guisasola
The protestant reformation
Religious wars and the counter-reformation
Spanish Habsburg dynasty
Felipe II
Spanish culture in the 16th century
Causes
Luther's break from Rome
The spread of the reformation
Religious wars
The counter reformation
The religious wars
Economy and society in the 16th century
A global empire
Domestic problems
The wars of Felipe II
Literature
Art
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
The low clergy's lack of training.
Many of them did not behave appropriately.
The bad example set by the high clergy.
They did not respect the morals they preached.
The church's wealth.
The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the population.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions.
These positions provided an income and economic rights.
The sale of indulgences.
Carlos V
His main principles:
Free interpretation of the Bible.
Salvation depends on god's will.
Rejection of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics.
Rejection of the sacraments (except baptism and the Eucharist).
Opposition to the Church owning property.
He was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church.
1517: Luther publishes 95 Theses.
1521: The Pope demands that he retracts at the Diet of Worms.
1522: Luther translates the Bible into German.
1536: Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway.
1559-1562: Eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain.
The Reformed Church in the city of Zurich
Calvinism
Anglican Church
Ultricht Zwingli
Henry VIII
The doctrine
Proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy.
The doctrine
Rejected the authority of the Pope.
Predestination
He broke with the Church because he wanted to divorce his wife
Where
Switzerland
England (puritans)
Scotland (Presbyterians)
France (Huguenots)
The north of the Low Countries
Reformation: The Reformation was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century. It instigated the division of the Christian Church and the founding of Protestant churches.
Indulgences: It is a way to reduce the amount of punishment a person has to do for committing a sin.
Lutherism: A Protestant religion. It is based on the teachings of Martin Luther, which emphasises the importance of faith and the authority of the Bible.
Calvinism: It is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin. Calvinists do not believe in the importance of the Eucharist like Lutherans do, among other things.
Anglicanism: It is the beliefs and practices of the Church of England, and of the churches related to it. Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible among other things.
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and prosecuted him.
Excommunicated: officially excluded from participation in the Christian Church.
He had protection from German nobles.
They saw an opportunity to become richer.
They wanted to have autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1519, Carlos I was appointed Emperor .
He was a devout Catholic.
Devout: having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment.
He tried to mediate to prevent the division of the Church.
Diet of Worms
No agreement was reached.
The protestant German princes
The Schmalkaldic League: it was a was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. The fought against any attempt to return to Catholic practices.
A civil war broke out.
Catholics defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg (1547).
France sided against the Emperor
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed.
It granted the Protestant princes religious freedom.
It provoked a series of religious wars:
In France
In the Low Countries
In the British Isles
Between Catholics and Protestants.
A rebellion against Spanish rule.
A civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
Massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day (1572).
Edict of Nantes
It ended the conflicts (1598).
It granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom.
Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648).
It ended with the victory of the Calvinists.
Among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans.
Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651).
It ended with the Anglicans gaining power.
Consequences
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other.
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential.
The Protestant kings and nobles gained power.
John Calvin
Diet of Worms: a general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms in Germany to address the claims of Martin Luther in relation to the corruption that was happening in the Church at the time.
The Counter-Reformation was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation.
The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent: it was held between 1545 and 1563, and it established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism.
The clarification of their teachings.
Internal reform.
The repression of Protestantism.
The principles were maintained.
Seminaries and universities were founded to train the priests.
Bishops were more strictly controlled.
The sale of indulgences was prohibited.
The religious orders were reformed.
The Society of Jesus.
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534.
They became the main group who spread the teachings.
Its followers were considered heretics.
The Inquisition was reinforced.
An Index of forbidden books was published.
To retain their territorial patrimony.
To defend Catholicism
Their were not sufficient to finance their foreign policies.
They became indebted to Italian and German bankers.
Their domestic policy continued to be discriminatory.
They waged wars against the Protestant states.
To wage: begin (a war).
Sevilla monopolised trade through the Casa de Contratación.
To protect the ships Felipe II organised a fleet system.
The arrival of precious metals affected the Monarchy:
It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars.
It enriched the nobility.
The craft industry began to grow.
The monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects.
The economy continued to be based on agriculture.
They used the silver and gold to buy luxury products.
The majority of the population became poorer.
The rise in prices made Spanish products more expensive.
When these resources ran out they resorted to increasing taxes.
Taxes were collected from the peasants and the bourgeoisie.
At the end the Spanish economy went into decline.
Only small local craft industries were able to survive.
This fall in production also affected trade.
The number of people who had to beg to survive increased.
Many joined the clergy to escape poverty.
Carlos V divided up the territories he inherited.
He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand.
He gave to Felipe II Castilla and his territories in the Americas, the Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories and the Low Countries and Franche-Comté.
He also inherited Portugal (and its territories) when the king died (1580).
In order to govern his empire increased bureaucracy.
By founding the Council of Portugal.
Granting power to the secretaries who acted as intermediaries.
In 1561 he made Madrid the capital of his kingdom.
His army defeated the Portuguese nobles who opposed.
All the kingdoms on the Peninsula maintained their own laws.
Antonio Pérez (a secretary) was accused of assassination in Castilla.
He was able to take refuge in Aragón.
The king used the Inquisition to capture him.
Pérez to fled to France.
Carlos V had left the Crown in financial ruin.
He could continue funding the military.
Thanks to the discovery of new mines in the Americas.
Thanks to the increase in taxes.
Moriscos in Granada revolted in 1568 (War of the Alpujarras).
It was finally suppressed the army led by John of Austria in 1570.
The Spanish Monarchy's domination led to the black legend.
Fueros: A Spanish code of ancient laws that applied within a certain area.
It aimed to discredit Felipe II.
The belief spread that Spain was fanatical and ignorant.
Because of...
The political oppression of Protestants during the decades 1550-60.
The death of Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1568).
The achievements of the "tercios".
Spanish culture was influenced by the Counter-Reformation.
Felipe II impeded access to its doctrines in the following ways:
Spaniards were not allowed to study in other countries.
Books printed outside were not allowed into the country.
Science in Spain progressed slowly because of the lack of communication.
Religion played a fundamental role in all works of art.
The most famous authors wrote about their spiritual experiences.
Saint Teresa of Jesus.
Saint John of the Cross.
Novels contained realistic portrayals of daily life.
The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea (Fernando de Rojas).
Lazarillo de Tormes (unknown author).
Garcilaso de la Vega was the most important poet.
The church and the monarchy used art to spread their ideas.
The most important ones were depictions of religious themes and portraits.
Main styles:
Classicist
Mannerist
It strove for harmony and serenity.
It was influenced by Italian art and Flemish painting
Mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed.
The works were expressive and had a dramatic quality.
In the first third of the century, the Plateresque style dominated.
This style is characterised by ornate facades.
In the second third of the century, Classicist style dominated.
This style reproduced the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance.
The amount of decoration was reduced.
Classical elements were accentuated such as columns and pediments.
In the last third of the century, the Herrerian style dominated.
Austere decoration and geometric spaces.
Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
It was designed to reflect the greatness of Felipe II's empire.
It was built on a massive scale.
It consists of a palace, a monastery with a chuch and a pantheon.
Leoni Leoni and his son Pompeo Leoni.
With the mannerism, the sculptures became more expressive.
The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian(Alonso Berruguete).
The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish(Juan de Juni.
Ecce Homo and The Last Supper (Juan de Juanes).
Carlos V at the Battle of Mülberg and Isabella of Portugal (Titian, Carlos V's painter).
Alonso Sánchez Coello and Juan Pantoja de Cruz were Felipe II's portrait painters.
Madonna and Child and Piety (Luis de Morales).
Influenced by Michael Angelo and Mannerism.
From the middle of the century.
The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, The Disrobing of Christ and The Holy Trinity (El Greco).
In the last third of the century.
He worked in Toledo.
His works are characterised by the drama and spirituality, the use of elongated figures, cool colours and dark tones.
Against France.
Against the Protestants.
Against the Ottoman Empire.
Against England.
Henry II signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559.
A civil war broke out between Catholics and Protestants.
Felipe II supported the Catholics.
In 1568, the places where Calvinism had spread rose up against the king.
Felipe II sent the Duke of Alba but didn't manage to contain the war.
The Duke of Alba was replaced by Alexander Farnese.
He maintained control of the southern provinces.
The northern territories proclaimed the independence in 1581.
The war lasted until 1648.
Felipe II sent the Holy League to end Ottoman control over the Mediterranean.
It was an alliance between Spain, Venice and the Pope.
The fleet was commanded by John of Austria.
In the Battle of Lepanto (1571) the Ottomans were defeated.
Elizabet I supported the English pirates who acted against Spain.
She was Anglican and defended the Protestant rebels against the King of Spain.
Felipe II formed the Great Armada (a fleet of 130 ships).
Its objective was to transport troops from Portugal and Flanders, invade England and depose the queen.
It was defeated by English attacks.