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GLOBALISATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - According to a study by the People's Republic of China, 24.0% of firms responded that they had not studied texts about the FTAs at all, 40.2% responded that they had limited knowledge on FTAs, and 31.4% only have knowledge of some aspects of FTA provisions
  - - - green chemistry and nanotech firms are studying ways to sustainably produce products using algae, fungi and more
      - Microsoft has sold 2mill Xbox consoles to Europe between 2015 and 2017. But since launching the Xbox 360 in 2005, their engineering teams had successfully reduce standby power by a factor of 10 to less than three-tenths of a watt, resulting in 60% reduction in energy use
  - - - SkillsFuture Singapore: Government offers subsidies for businesses and workers to participate in retraining programmes such that workers can be more retooled for global economy, allowing businesses to better compete with their global competitors amidst free trade
      - American agriculture producers receive subsidy payments from the US government so that they can compete with cheaper agriculture products from developing nations.
      - Currently local rice farmers are shielded by the Japanese government’s whopping 700% plus tariff as well as quota limits on foreign rice imports.
- - - - In October 2006, the British NGO, Oxfam, accused Starbucks of financially wounding Ethiopian coffee farmers by violating Fairtrade agreements. Specifically, Oxfam stated that Starbucks was depriving Ethiopian farmers of $94 million a year by depriving the Ethiopian government of trademarking a number of its local coffee beans.
    - - At the SingFuels, local talents make up 57% of their workforce, while the remaining 43% are foreign employees. These foreign employees work as traders, as part of the management as well as the finance and operations departments.
    - - difficult to develop their infant industries as these industries lose out to global competitors when there are few barriers to trade
        
        stunt economic growth
        
        cut production costs, poor working conditions, compromise on workers' welfare
        
        On the back of low wages and cheap costs to set-up shop, Bangladesh is the second largest garment manufacturing centre in the world. The Rana Plaza building in Dhaka was a garment factory that violated several building codes of local laws, and the lax enforcement of these codes resulted in its collapse that killed 1000 workers
        
        In the PPE industry in Malaysia, workers are paid up to 2 Canadian dollars an hour (2.12 SGD). Workers reported being not allowed to leave freely without paying a deposit. Surveyed workers reported working an average of over 12 hours a day. Some stated that they had not been allowed to take a leave for the last 3 months. Lack of SMM action, workers worked in cramp spaces, resulting in many workers catching COVID-19.
  - - - WTO's own estimates for impact of the 1990 Uruguay Round Deal were between $109 billion to $510 billion added to world income
    - - According to an OECD study on market opening, growth and employment, multilateral trade liberalisation could increase wages by up to 4% in the regions studied, with low income regions experiencing the highest increase in wage growth.
    - - more job opportunities for people trained in IT in India, China, due to offshoring and outsourcing
        
        2019 Microsoft (MNC) embarked on a regional partnership with Grab to equip workers with necessary tech skills through skilling, training and career development support. In April 2020, Microsoft's partnership with Grab Indonesia has empowered 379000 workers with digital literacy. - creates pathways for them to pursue tech-enabled careers in the growing digital market in the future
      - Microsoft offshoring --> Complete subsidiary and largest R&D center outside the United States is in China. In an exclusive interview with China Daily, Crozier said Microsoft now has about 8,000 employees in China, and the number will be close to 10,000 by end-June 2022.
      - Apple offshoring --> iPhone 6 production, In 15 days, hired 8700 engineers to manage 200 000 factory workers in China for production of iPhone 6
    - - “Regional projects make up 80 per cent of our revenue, and as our clients expand regionally, they also drive our own expansion,” Chief Executive of Asia Insight, a Singapore-based market research said. “Large-scale client-led projects brought about the opening of our China office more than a decade ago. We are soon expanding into South-east Asian countries, including Indonesia next year. In the past four years, our staff strength has increased by 30 to 40 per cent."
      - Ms Paula Kant, Chief Executive of InsightAsia, says her firm draws 40 per cent of its revenue from serving big consumer-business MNCs.
        “Many of our clients have a regional South-east Asia office in Singapore, and they often commission multi-country, regional studies from Singapore,” Ms Kant said. “Since 2004, we have set up offices in Shanghai, Ho Chi Minh City and Manila. We have had double-digit growth every year, and staff members have grown accordingly.”