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To what extent did the rise of revolutionary groups in the late nineteenth…
To what extent did the rise of revolutionary groups in the late nineteenth century impact the decline and fall of the Romanovs? Evaluate the key grievances of groups within Russia and their role in the decline and fall of the Romanovs.
Russian intelligentsia: writers, artists, philosophers, political activists, the well-educated people of Russian society eg. Stalin, Lenin
Argued that tsarist regime was oppressive and that ordinary Russians lacked the basic freedoms present in Western European countries
Revolutionaries - Populism (left): some believed that the only way to bring about change in Russia was to overthrow the tsarist regime by revolution
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Life would be based around cooperation and sharing in peasant communes, avoiding the evils of industrialisation and avoid capitalism
Methods: Speak their socialist ideals to the pleasantly by peaceful propaganda, however this proved to be largely ineffective and peasants overwhelmingly rejected these ideas
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The Liberals: (right)
Liberal movement had grown significantly after the local government reforms of Alexander II in 1864, which had led to the establishment of town and district councils called zemstva
Created a class of people who became skilled in local politics and gave them greater autonomy to run their own arrears
Supporters: Support came from middle class intelligentsia eg. lawyers, doctores, teachers, engineer, professors
Establishment: In 1903, the Union of Liberation was formed demanding economic and political reform
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Methods: Argued that reform rather than violent action was the way to change the tsarist system and limit the tsar’s powers
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Social Democrats (left)
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Main beliefs: wanted urban working classes to stage revolution to create a socialist state, then Communism
Others wanted the focus to be on revolutionary tactics and the preparation of the working class for revolution
1903 - party split into 2 factions: Bolsheviks ( Operate under central leadership) and Menshevik (democratic)
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Political opposition
the intelligentsia-alienated by Tsarist repression, conservatism and censorship
reflected discontent with the outdated system of autocracy (groups from both Left and Right wanted an end to the autocracy)
inefficiency of autocracy in managing demands for economic change and progress, and running a modern state (eg famines, the backwardness of the Army)
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lack of a mechanism to ventilate grievances or protest, or even discuss problems and desire for change openly meant those wanting change went underground-only way to change
. The response of the Tsars to protest- “Repression and Reform” cycle did not pacify the groups pushing for change nor did it crush them, so they continued to grow
Activity by opposition groups increased dramatically in the last four months of 1904 and austocracy began to look fragile
Disillusionment and anger at the inadequacies of the tsarist regime, led to demonstrations against the government in Moscow.
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The Tsar’s alienation of the intelligentsia makes them grow in their influence and further motivates them to fight against system of autocracy
During 1905, 3600 government officials were killed or wounded - produce fear in the midst of officials
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