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How To Make An Effective Soap? - Coggle Diagram
How To Make An Effective Soap?
What is soap?
Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali metal hydroxide.
Chemically speaking, it is a salt composed of an alka-limetal, such as sodium or potassium, and a mixture of “fatty” carboxylic acids.
Every bar of soap in the world is made with an acid (fat) and an alkali (lye). The fat can be animal fat or plant based such as olive oil. The alkali most commonly used is sodium hydroxide (lye). When you mix oil with lye this will create a process called saponification.
History of soap?
Rome
Soap got its name from an ancient Roman legend about Mount Sapo. Rain would wash down the mountain mixing with animal fat and ashes, resulting in a clay mixture found to make cleaning easier.
By the 7th century, soap-making was an established art in Italy, Spain and France.
Evidence exists of the production of soap-like materials in around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon.
How do you make soap?
Core Ingredients
Oil or fat
Water
Lye
Types of Soap
Bar soap
This is the type of soap we will be making
Liquid Soap
Foam Soap
What makes soap more effective?
How does soap actually work?
When lathered with a little water, soap kills microorganisms by disorganizing their membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their proteins.
Emulsifies oils, enabling them to be carried away by running water.
Cleaning and removing germs
How to test for the effectiveness of soap?
Amount of Lather?
Limitations
The test of soap effectivity is not a completely accurate test
Random Errors
Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in the environmental conditions.
Systematic Errors
primarily influence a measurement's accuracy. Typical causes of systematic error include observational error, imperfect instrument calibration, and environmental interference.
Variables
Independent
Concentration of Lye
Dependent
Effectiveness of Soap
Controlled
Volume of Lye
Temperature
Volume and type of oil
Amount of salt