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Bone Health, due to, UV light from Sun, creates, with, part of chlorophyll…

- - - - ROLES
        
        bone & teeth mineralization
        
        hydroxyl (OH-) group in hydroxyapatite (Calcium & Phosphate) crystals present in bone and teeth
        
        Nutrient Interaction (Phosphorous & Fluoride)
        
        Phosphorous
        
        TOXICITY
        
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        ROLES
        
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        SOURCES
        
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        DEFICIENCY
        
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        PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
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        are replaced by
        
        F- (fluoride ion)
        
        to synthesize
        
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        Nutrient Interaction (Calcium & Fluoride)
        
        Calcium
        
        DEFICIENCY
        
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        SOURCES
        
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        TOXICITY
        
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        PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
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        ROLES
        
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        fluoride has a bigger influence during teeth and bone development
        
        most effective during
        
        first 3 - 4 years of life
        
        permanent teeth formation under the gums
        
        pregnancy (week 20)
        
        baby teeth formation under the gums
        
        8 - 10 years of age
        
        wisdom teeth formation under the gums
        
        fluoride is antimicrobial and aid surface-micro-lesions
      - PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
        30 - 80% absorption rate
        
        found in everywhere
        
        such as
        
        in soils
        
        in water supplies
        
        in plant foods
        
        in animal foods
        
        reduce the risk of dental caries formation through moderate consumption of fluoride
        
        even bigger effect before the stage of teeth eruption
      - DEFICIENCY
        
        can be caused by
        
        low level of fluoride found in water supply
        
        can lead to
        
        a higher risk of formation of dental caries
        
        can't chew and eat lots of food efficiently
        
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      - TOXICITY
        
        can lead to
        
        fluorosis
        
        during teeth development
        
        has such symptoms
        
        white specks
        
        brown streaks on teeth
        
        mottling
        
        in skeletal
        
        has such symptoms
        
        abnormal skeletal hardening
        
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        skeletal stiffness
        
        joint pain
        
        can be caused by
        
        excessive fluoride consumption
        
        via
        
        overconsumption of toothpaste and fluoride drops for children
      - SOURCES
        
        plant food sources
        
        such as
        
        brewed tea
        
        other sources
        
        such as
        
        water (less common for bottled water)
        
        chewing gum
        
        toothpaste
        
        mouth wash
        
        animal food sources
        
        such as
        
        seaweed
        
        seafood
        
        shellfish
        
        fish
        
        sardines
  - - - TOXICITY
        
        none known
      - ROLES
        
        indirectly affects calcium balance
        
        used in mineral crystal structure of bone
        
        can replace calcium in hydroxyapatite
        
        helps hold calcium in teeth
        
        reduces
        dental caries
        
        Nutrient Interaction (Magnesium & Calcium)
        
        300 enzymes systems need magnesium
        
        protein
        
        fat
        
        nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis
        
        stabilizes Phosphate groups in ATP
        
        neural transmission and muscle contraction
        
        needed for neurotransmitter activity
        
        inhibits muscle contraction (blocks calcium
        ion channel)
        
        blood clotting
        
        inhibits blood clotting (ion antagonist to
        calcium)
        
        hypertension
        
        protects against high blood pressure
        
        acts as vasodilator
        
        lower rates of heart disease in regions
        where people drink hard water (Mg, Ca)
      - SOURCES
        
        absorption ~50% from food
        
        food source
        
        milk
        
        yogurt
        
        hard water in the Prairies
        
        halibut
        
        green leafy vegetables
        
        whole grains
        
        legumes
        
        beans
        
        tofu
        
        nuts
        
        seeds
        
        doses
        
        19-30 years
        
        men
        
        DRI-RDA
        400 mg/day
        
        women
        
        DRI-RDA
        310 mg/day
        
        31+ years
        
        men
        
        DRI-RDA
        420 mg/day
        
        women
        
        DRI-RDA
        320 mg/day
        
        all adults
        
        DRI-UL
        350 mg/day
        
        supplemental source only
      - DEFICIENCY
        
        osteoporosis
        
        develops slowly due to storage in bone
        
        generally severe deficiency rarely seen
        
        symptoms
        
        irregular heart beat
        
        weakness
        
        disorientation
        
        irritability
        
        hypertension
        
        tetany at extremely low levels
      - PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
        human body contains ~25 grams
        
        bones ~60%
        
        muscles ~20%
        
        other tissues ~20%
        
        calcium supplements decrease magnesium absorption
        
        excrete through kidneys
        
        very high fibre intake decreases magnesium absorption
        
        bone acts as a reservoir of magnesium
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        calcium mineralization in bone matrix
        
        osteoblasts require vitamin K
        
        to make
        
        a calcium-binding protein, osteocalcin, that stores the minerals into the bone matrix for healthy bone formation.
        
        blood clotting
        
        is crucial for
        
        everyone
        
        infants, especially
        
        due to
        
        developing GI tract
        
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        the stages of formation are
        
        presence of vitamin K
        
        formation of prothrombin, an inactive protein
        
        presence of calcium and thromboplastin from blood platelets
        
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      - DEFICIENCY
        
        in
        
        infants
        
        due to
        
        low levels
        
        at birth
        
        of gut bacteria for vitamin K synthesis
        
        in breast milk
        
        adults (rare)
        
        due to
        
        antibiotic use
        
        fat malabsorption disorders (such as Crohn's, AIDS, and cystic fibrosis), even higher risk with antibiotic use
        
        overconsumption of vitamin E, compromising the effect of blood clotting
      - TOXICITY
        
        rare
        
        because of
        
        non-toxic vitamin K food sources
        
        can cause
        
        inhibition of anti-coagulant drugs (such as Warfarin)
        
        negative effects on vitamin K's ability to form blood clotting
        
        has such symptoms
        
        RBC hemolysis
        
        jaundice
        
        brain damage
      - SOURCES
        
        animal food sources
        
        such as
        
        eggs
        
        liver
        
        cow milk
        
        plant food sources
        
        such as
        
        leafy green vegetables
        
        spinach
        
        broccoli
        
        kale
        
        Swiss chard
        
        Brussels sprouts
        
        asparagus
        
        collards
        
        other vegetables
        
        cauliflower
        
        avocado
        
        cabbage
        
        natural sources
        
        such as
        
        bacterial synthesis in large intestine
        
        resistant to losses in cooking
      - PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
        family of quinones
        
        plant (phylloquinone)
        
        animal (menaquinone)
        
        40 - 80% absorption rate
        
        dietary lipids are needed for absorption
        
        then
        
        vitamin K are packaged into chylomicrons
        
        storage of vitamin K
        
        liver (mostly)
        
        adipose tissue (some)
        
        two sources of vitamin K
        
        via
        
        exogenous: diet (antibiotic use requires higher intake of vitamin K)
        
        endogenous: bacterial synthesis in the GI tract
    - - DEFICIENCY
        
        decreases in circulating active vitamin D
        
        decrease in calcium absorption
        
        osteoporosis
        
        take supplements if not consuming dairy and its alternatives
        
        vitamin D
        
        calcium
        
        alcohol
        
        slows bone growth
        
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        menopause
        
        decrease in estrogen
        
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        rickets
        
        children
        
        improper mineralization and shaping of
        bones during formation
        
        osteomalacia
        
        adults
        
        soft bones
        
        osteoid doesn’t mineralize properly and accumulates
      - TOXICITY
        
        none from solar synthesis through skin
        
        extended exposure degrades 7-dehydrocholestero
        
        body decreases endogenous synthesis when vitamin D levels are adequate
        
        relatively narrow safety intake range
        
        food intake
        
        non-toxic at normal levels
        
        supplement use
        
        most likely increases the risk of toxicity
        
        hypercalcemia
        
        excessive calcium in blood
        
        calcium deposits into soft tissue
        
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        symptoms show when intake is 250 µg/day over several months
        
        mostly affects infants
        
        excess amount given through supplements by parents
      - SOURCES
        
        exogenous
        
        dietary/supplemental in pro-active form
        
        hydroxylated in liver and kidneys to activate
        
        calcitriol
        
        forms
        
        vitamin D3
        
        soft gel
        
        cholecalciferol (animal-based)
        
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        most effective
        
        tablet
        
        vitamin D2
        
        tablet
        
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        ergocalciferol (plant-based)
        
        liquid
        
        soft gel
        
        food source
        
        fortified plant-based milks
        
        other fortified products
        
        fatty fish, fish oils
        
        egg yolks
        
        canned fish with bones
        
        liver
        
        endogenous synthesis
        
        affected by
        
        age
        
        pollution
        
        latitude
        
        skin colour
        
        SPF greater than 8 blocks synthesis
        
        exposure time
        
        estrogen enhances synthesis of active vitamin D
        
        ~50% absorption
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        enhances phosphorus absorption
        
        incorporated into chylomicrons
        
        chylomicron remnants deliver dietary vitamin D to
        the liver
        
        regulation of blood calcium and bone mineralization
        
        calcitriol raises blood
        calcium levels by acting at 3 sites
        
        intestines
        
        increases calcium absorption
        
        kidneys
        
        decreases calcium excretion
        
        bone
        
        activates osteoclast cells to release calcium from bone into
        blood
        
        calcitriol in intestinal cells increase transcellular absorption
        
        immune function
        
        matures immune cells
      - PROPERTIES & OTHERS
        
        parathyroid horomone
        
        stimulates vitamin D activation
        
        with vitamin D
        
        stimulates calcium reabsorption in kidneys
        
        stimulates bone breakdown by osteoclast cells
        
        calcium released in blood
        
        need magesium for production
        
        average Canadian adult intake
        
        women
        
        ~5 µg vitamin D/day
        
        men
        
        ~6 µg vitamin D/day
        
        magnesium needed vitamin D action
        
        due to
        
        action of vitamin D
        
        production of parathyroid hormone
- - - - hydroxylation in liver
        
        creates
        
        25-hydroxy vitamin D3
        
        hydroxylation in kidney
        
        creates
        
        1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
        
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