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Metabolism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - carbohydrates
        
        stored inside muscle and liver cells as glycogen
      - fats
        
        stored as triglycerides inside adipose tissue
      - aa
        
        becomes structural or functional proteins inside muscle cells
    - - glucose contributes to 1% of total body energy requirement
        
        glycogen reserves can last about 1 day
      - Fatty acids contribute to 77% of the total energy requirement
      - Amino acids are not primarily for energy but account for 22% of the body's total fuel requirements (only used if necessary)
- - - - insulin works to promote food nutrient while inhibiting their release from storage in these tissues
        
        insulin will cause
        
        more glucose uptake and utilization from cells
        
        more glycogen formation (glucose storage)
        
        more triglyceride formation (fat storage)
        
        more protein synthesis (protein storage)
        
        this will cause a decreased glucose levels, fatty acid levels and aa levels in the blood
    - - after a meal, glucose levels rise (set point)
        
        pancreas is the control center and releases insulin (effector) in response
        
        glucose is removed from the blood and stored in cells (controlled variable)
        
        blood glucose levels decrease (sensor)
    - - disease where beta cells of Islets are destroyed and these people cannot produce insulin
        
        causes people to be unable to take up nutrients from the blood, making a lot of it to be excreted through urine
  - - - glucagon is released when glucose levels drop below the normal circulating levels
    - - more glyconeogenesis (glycogen breakdown)
      - more gluconeogenesis (more glucose production) in the liver)
      - more lipolysis (fat breakdown)
        
        this causes higher blood glucose levels and more fatty acids in the blood
        
        with higher blood glucose, glucagon levels will drop
  - - - more breakdown of energy storage molecules
        
        these hormones and glucagon will be release when blood glucose levels drop from a stressful situation
    - - increase glucagon while decreasing insulin, using storage molecules as fuel
    - - secreted when blood glucose levels drop during stressful situation to use storage molecules as fuel
- - - - enters glycolysis at the start
    - - pyruvate can be converted to glycogen to be stored
    - - Glycerol can be converted to glycogen to be stored
  - - - acetyl CoA can be be converted to glycogen to be stored
    - - CoA can be converted to glycogen to be stored
- - - - G6P can be used to make ATP
        
        G6 undergoes a series of reactions make ATP and pyruvate
      - G6P can be converted as glycogen to be stored
        
        glycogen can be re-converted to G6P to enter glycolysis to produce energy
      - G6P is what enters glycolysis (not glucose)
  - - - pyruvate goes this path if enough O2 is present
      - if pyruvate goes here, it is converted to acetyl CoA which enters the CAC
        
        CAC(2) + ox phos (34) makes 36 ATP
        
        CO2 and H2O are made as byproducts. Co2 diffuses into the blood to leave through the lungs
    - - pyruvate goes to this path if not enough O2 is present
      - the body must undergo this path so glycolysis does not slow down from the buildup of pyruvate
      - lactic acid buildup interferes with contractile proteins, causing fatigue
        
        lactic acid also causes blood vessel dilation and decreases the body pH to unload more oxygen from Hb
        
        these mechanisms increase blood flow and O2 delivery to working tissue to reduce lactic acid buildup
- - - - excess glucose is converted to fatty acids by the liver
        
        the fatty acids can be taken up by adipose/fat tissues as triglycerides for use later
    - - can be used by cells in body for muscle proteins or making new protein carriers
      - excess aa are converted to fatty acids
  - - - it can also make glucose from glycerol, aa , pyruvate and lactate through gluconeogenesis
    - - this can then be converted to glucose by the liver to be used in the brain