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Lipids(hydrophobic脂溶性), fatty acids - Coggle Diagram

- - - - vitamin K：凝血反應(缺少-->凝血反應出問題)
      - coenzyme Q：粒線體內的ATP合成
    - - paracrine hormones(act locally)
      - steriod hormones(act body-wide)
      - growth factors
      - vitamins A & D (hormone precursors)
    - - vitamin E
- - - - the primay storage form of lipids(body fat)
      - less soluble in water than fatty acids(the esterification酯化 of the carboxylate group)
      - 生物體內大多數脂肪酸存在的形式
        
        oils(liquid)
        
        fats(solid)
      - less dense than water：fats and oils float
      - 主要功能：儲存能量，非形成membrane
  - - - Sterols
        
        physiological role of sterols
        
        Mammals obtain cholesterol from food or synthesize it de novo in the liver
        
        Cholesterol and related sterols are present in the membranes of most eukaryotic cells
        
        thicken the plasma membrane
        
        no sterols in most bacteria
        
        modulate fluidity and permeability
        
        Cholesterol, bound to proteins, is transported to tissues via blood vessels
        
        Many hormones are derivatives of sterols
        
        steroid hormones 固醇類賀爾蒙
        
        Steroid
        
        s have the sterol nucleus but lack the alkyl chain found in cholesterol.
        
        more polar than cholesterol 因為沒有側鏈的結構 (側鏈偏nonpolar)
        
        oxidized derivatives of sterols 不同的氧化型態
        
        Steroid hormones
        
        carried through the body in the bloodstream, usually attached to carrier proteins
        
        male and female sex hormones
        
        synthesized from cholesterol in gonads and adrenal glands
        
        母結構：ABCD四個環
        
        sterols and cholesterol
        
        The tetracycle structure of sterols is almost planar 一端polar，一端nonpolar --> 會出現在細胞膜上
        
        sterol 四環&平坦
        
        hydroxyl group (polar head) in the A-ring
        
        various nonpolar side chains
        
        steroid nucleus: four fused rings
    - - Glycerophospholipids
        
        general structure
        
        The highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by analcohol; such substituent groups are called the head groups.
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids are commonly found connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate
        
        examples
        
        Phosphatidylcholine
        
        many prokaryotes, including E. coli, cannot synthesize this lipid; their membranes do not contain ---> 常用來比較原核prokaryotes / 真核eakaryotes
        
        major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes
        
        ether lipids; Platelets-Activating Factor(PAF)
        
        與血小板有關，活化的因子
        
        aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine
        
        acetic acid esterified position C2 (傳遞凝血訊號)
        
        first signaling lipid to be identified (血小板上有許多受體也會分泌傳遞物質)
        
        stimulate aggregation of blood platelets (刺激血小板凝聚在一起)
        
        plays role in mediation of inflammation
        
        Phosphatidylethanolamine
        
        ether lipids: Plasmalogen
        
        common in vertebrate heart tissue
        
        also found in some protozoa and anaerobic bacteria
        
        vinyl ether analog of phosphatidylethanolamine
        
        function is not well understood
        
        about
        
        primary constituents of cell membranes
        
        Two fatty acids form ester linkages with the first and
        second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate
        
        The phosphate group is charged at physiological pH
      - Sphingolipids
        
        about
        
        A polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a glycosidic or phosphodiester linkage.
        
        a fatty acid is joined to sphingosine via an amide acid
        
        backbone is a long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine
        
        backbone is not glycerol
        
        the suger-containing glycosphingolipids為了接收訊號，特別表現在外層(使得偏極性)
      - Sphingomyelin
        
        ceramine(sphingosine + amide-linked fatty acid) + phosphocholine attached to the alcohol
        
        abundant in myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cells in animals
        
        structurally similar to phosphatidylcholine --> phosphatidylcholine
      - Glycosphingolipids and Blood Groups
        
        the structure of sugar is determined by an expression of specific glycosyltransferases -> 看他的活性決定是什麼血型
        
        Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine group have A blood group
        
        Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group have B blood group.
        
        Individuals with no active glycosyltransferase will have the O antigen
        
        Glycosphingolipids determine blood groups -> O, A, B差別在於醣(側鍊)
        
        the blood groups are determined in part by the type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids
      - Lipids會形成也會降解
        
        不正確降解
        
        protein降解失敗 -> 錯誤堆積 -> 疾病
        
        lipid不正確降解 -> e.g.堆積在lysosome上 -> 先天缺陷、疾病
        
        降解需要一系列酵素(移除醣也需要酵素)
    - - signaling molecules between nearby cells
        
        Arachidonic Acid花生四烯酸
        
        Enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid yields
        
        thromboxanes (formation of blood clots)
        
        leukotrienes (smooth muscle contraction in lungs)
        
        prostaglandins (inflammation and fever) 服用NSAIDs使之作用力降低
      - Lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
        
        Vitamin D
        
        synthesized from cholesterol and regulates calcium metabolism
        
        Vitamins E, K, and other lipid quinones
        
        (b)助凝血, (c)抗凝血--> 互相拮抗
        
        Antioxidants
        
        Vitamin A
        
        Precursor for other hormones involved in signaling
        
        Involved in visual pigment
        
        Vitamin A (retinol) is derived from β-carotene (C數減半)
      - present in much smaller amounts than storage or structural lipids
- - - - one double bond
    - - more than one double bond