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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
In 1521, The Church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy.
Carlos I, the Catholic Monarch's grandson and King of Spain, was appointed Emperor in 1519.
He was a devout Catholic and tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church
Various meetings took place, but no agreement was reached
The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they referred to themselves as the Reformed
The Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed and alliance called the Schmalkadic League
Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Muhlberg in 1547
Religious wars
In France, there were very bloody episodes. These conflicts ended in 1598
In the Low Countries, was both a rebelition against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
In the British Isles, the Wars of the three kingdoms took place. Ended with the Anglicans gaining power
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The counter reformation was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant reformation.
The council of Trent established the Catholic Church's course of action in three main areas
Internal reform. Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption. Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
The repression of Protestantism , whose followers were considered heretics. The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books was publish.
The clarification of their teachings. The dogmas and principles were maintained
