Sociology 20 marker

Aid

Trade

Industrialisation

Urbanisation

The environment

War and conflict

Dependency theory

Modernisation theory

Dependency theory

Modernisation Theory

Dependency theory

Modernisation theory

the process by which a growing proportion of people live in towns and cities – and the economic, political and social changes that accompany it

Dependency theory

Modernisation Theory

Bello (2015): Speed and depth of industrialisation, and the variety in manufacturing are the best measurements of development

Developing countries need to move away from protectionist/interventionist

Rostow: Developing countries need help from the west in forms of aid and TNCs in order to develop

Hoogvelt (2001) industrialisation is a postivive thing but it mainly benefits the west

Export processing zones: areas where TNCs are encouraged to build factories, the are places with very low regulation

As colonies became independent (50s->) they were encouraged to industrialise through ‘technological rents’ – TNCs build factories, train some workers -> LLEDCs get technology and skills, TNCs get cheap labour

Migration

Leaving rural areas is good, mean that its easier for the country to adopt western values

Employment opportunities

Two tiered social system: colonisers and the natives

Cities grew because colonial masters needed administrative centres and places to trade

Seek achieved status and let go of ascribed status and fatalism

More access to services such as education and healthcare -> this leads to development (healthier and well educated population, economic and social development)

More social change in cities

Population in urban developing countries exceed the demand for labour -> leads to unemployment

Peace (2005) found a tiny minority have well-paid jobs in the formal sector, most scrape a living in the informal sector (e.g. sweatshops) where there is exploitation and poor H&S

Can lead to spontaneous settlements e.g slums, people cannot afford to buy houses, can be difficult to then get a job because many require an address

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