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How to make an effective soap - Coggle Diagram
How to make an effective soap
Background information
What is soap?
Soap is a product that is used to clean up dirt's, oils and fats from human hands,
Soap is made by mixing fats and oils with lye and water.
Equation of reaction Fat + lye --> soap + glycerol C17H35COO common equation
Process of soap making
Key chemical terms? Lye is generally sodium hydroxide.
Oils are both animal and plant based
grapeseed oil, avocado oil, tallow.
Distilled water is generally used
Important chemical information
optimal ph. level 9-10
optimal temperature for gelling 49 - 54°C
How can the effectiveness of soap be measured?
The effectiveness can be measured by using agar plates. Rubbing down an agar plate with bacteria, and then applying the soap to it and placing it in an incubator would allow for the effectiveness of the soap to be observed
Factors affecting soap
Easy to manage factors
Ph
Temperature
Surface area
Types of Oil
Harder to control factors
Concentration of oils and fats to lye
Amount of substances used
Mixing speed and duration of mixing
Limitations with practical
List of limitations
Given time frame to conduct practical
Incubation period too short
Lack of precision for boiling
Possible random errors
Errors such as pouring in liquid to quickly, overmixing the solution, using unmeasured liquids can cause the mixture to not work
Possible systematic errors
The Bunsen burners and hot plates may be faulty, thermometer and the oils themselves may be manufactured incorrectly
Limitation in definition of key words in question
Limitations of measuring the effectiveness is an apparent issue within the experiment, creating a suitable soap is important to ensure effectiveness
Limitations in equipment or lack of equipment
Hot plates and Bunsen burners can be faulty as well as incubators
Risk assessment
List of risks
Sodium hydroxide
Boiling the soap
Bacteria is dangerous to use
Using beakers which is glass could shatter
How to be precautionary
Handle all of the equipment with care, always wear glasses and aprons, never have the chemicals touch your bare hands, don't drop the equipment, be wary of glass,
Emergency procedures
If a body part gets a burn run it under cold water and then an ice pack to relieve the pain, call the ambulance, if a liquid is in contact with human skin wash it off using water, if liquid is consumed drink water and call paramedics, if there is glass inside somebody remove the glass shards and apply a towel or cloth onto wound to prevent bleeding, if its a large piece of glass wait for ambulance to arrive
How to safely dispose of the soap mixture
The liquids used to create the soap can be drained into the sink in small amounts, clean the equipment with water
Variables
Dependant variable The dependent variable is the bacteria killed due to the soap
Controlled variables
The concentration of sodium hydroxide, amount of oil, amount of water, time boiled, same bacteria
Independent variable The type of oil being used, grapeseed oil, avocado oil, olive oil
Uncontrolled variable
Controlling the temperature of the soap, ph level of the soap,
