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Support & Movement in Human & Animals - Coggle Diagram
Support & Movement in Human & Animals
Types of Skeletons
Skeletal system: provides support to humans and animals
Endoskeleton
Maintain body shape, support soft body tissues and protect internal organs from injury.
Hydrostatic skeleton
Animals with soft tissues to maintain a right body shape
Earthworms
Exoskeleton
Support, protect body organs and enable to move.
Crab
Insects
Necessity of skeletal systems in animals and humans
Enable to move from one place to another
Need support because of soft body tissue
Musculoskeletal System of Humans
Axial Skeleton
Comprises skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum (breastbone.)
Appendicular skeleton
Includes pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs.
Human Vertebral Column
Lumbar vertebrae
The biggest and strongest vertebrae.
Possess a short spinous process.
Possess a large centrum to bear the weight of the lower back of the body.
Sacral vertebrae
Five vertebrae fused together to form a triangular bone,
Caudal vertebrae
Four bones fused together to form a triangular structure which is pointed at one end.
Thoracic vertebrae
Possess a long spinous process.
Spinous and transverse processes serve as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.
The transverse processes have facets for articulation with the ribs.
Atlas vertebra
The first cervical vertebra.
The vertebra has a large neural canal, a small spinous process, a pair of transverse foramina but with no centrum.
The vertebra articulates with the skull.
Each vertebra has an opening known as neural canal.
Spinal cord located in neural canal
Axial vertebra
The second cervical vertebra - The axial vertebrae has a large spinous process, small transverse process and a pair of transverse foramina.
It has an odontoid process that articulates with the facet of the atlas vertebra's neural canal.
Cervical vertebrae
Possess short spinous process, small centrum, wide and short transverse process, and a pair of transverse foramina.
Similarity & differences
Similarity between vertebrae
All vertebrae have spinous and transverse processes, centrum (except atlas vertebra) and neural canal.
Differences between vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Long spinous process.
Long transverse process.
Medium-sized centrum.
No transverse foramen.
Lumbar vertebrae
Short spinous process.
Short transverse process
Large centrum.
No transverse foramen
Cervical vertebrae
Short spinous process.
Wide and short transverse process
Small centrum
A pair of transverse foramina
Joints
Points where 2 or more bones meet or cartilage & bones meet.
Freely movable joints
Capsule is fibrous tissue that endoses & provides protection to the joint.
Cartilage serves as cushion to joint, absorbs shocks, reduce friction between bone ends & protects bone from wearing out.
Synovial membrane secrete synovial fluid into the synovial cavity.
Synovial fluid serves as a lubricant that reduces the friction between the ends of bones.
Ball-and-socket joint
Allow rotational movement in all directions. Allows arm and leg to swing in a circular motion.
Hinge joint
Allows movement of bones in one plane. Can be found at the elbow.
Skeletal muscle
Comprises bundles of muscle fibres, with a large supply of nerves and blood vessels.
Muscles work in pairs and act in opposite direction known as antagonistic muscles.
Example: Biceps and triceps
Slightly moveable joints
Cartilage discs between the vetebrae
Tendon (bone and muscle)
Consists of strong fibres, not elastic but flexible.
Immovable joints
Suture at the cranium of the skull
Ligament (bone to bone)
Consist of strong, elastic and tough connective tissue bundles.
Provides supports and strength to joints and allows bones to be bent at the joints.