DNA Vaccines
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Because of the advantages of DNA vaccines, their release to the public is highly anticipated. So far, in clinical trials with human patients, DNA vaccines have shown mixed results.
The improvement of DNA vaccine in the future
After the DNA vaccine is injected into
the body, it accomplishes two goals
Vaccination became a mainstream medical approach
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creating a
strong cellular response
building a potent
humoral, or antibody, response
When compared with more-established methods, DNA vaccines have an altogether different approach.
Neither attenuated nor killed pathogens are involved, nor are pathogen subunits isolated
DNA vaccines enter the body
DNA vaccinations prompt helper T cells and B
cells to multiply and produce memory cells
They are not effective enough it is worthwhile to note, however, that the technology for improving the vaccines’ efficacy has advanced by leaps and bounds since the 1990s
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activate cytotoxic “killer” T cells, which
are the toughest pathogen fighters
The outer frontier of vaccines is now in the realm of DNA vaccines, which research first began to test only in the 1990s.
This type of dual cellular and humoral response gives long-lasting immunity
DNA vaccines utilize the genetic material from the virus or bacteria to elicit an immune response.
A little further out from the medical home country are subunit and conjugate vaccines, which were actually not possible before modern technological advances
DNA vaccines are still in clinical trials 
To create a DNA vaccine, scientists first isolate a gene from the target pathogen. They then splice the viral gene into a double-stranded DNA vector
Once the plasmid is established, the vaccine is ready to be injected.
Similar efficacy to most live attenuated vaccines is achieved and what's more, it are much safer than live-virus vaccines
In some cases, plasmid is layered on the outside of gold beads or particles.
**scientists are also attempting to convert the DNA vaccine into a
the liquid form that could be used as a nasal spray
the goal of inoculating patients against the most devastating maladies of our age, including malaria, HIV, and cancer
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Although DNA vaccines have yet to be included in an HIV or cancer immunization regimen, this is expected to change in the near future.
New biotechnologies and nanotechnologies are helping to improve vaccines
EX B: 4. because there is no risk of infection, contrary to attenuated vaccines; they elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
In the more than two centuries since vaccination became a mainstream medical approach
What is one reason why DNA vaccines remain in clinical trials?
They may disrupt cellular processes and produce anti-DNA antibodies, resulting in too-low levels of immunogenicity.