DNA VACCINES 
Definition
DNA vaccines utilize the genetic material from the virus or bacteria to elicit an immune response
how to create?
isolate a gene from the
target pathogen, then splice the viral gene into a double-stranded DNA vector.
history
began in the 1990s
not widely available today because virtually all still remain in clinical trials
Why are DNA vaccines considered safer than attenuated vaccines?
DNA vaccines do not contain a live virus, so one cannot get sick from them
clinical trials
They may disturb biological processes and generate anti-DNA antibodies, resulting in immunogenicity levels that are too low.
a cellular level when DNA vaccines enter the body 
On a cellular level, once injected, DNA vaccinations prompt helper T cells and B cells to multiply and produce memory cells, as well as activate cytotoxic “killer” T cells, which are the toughest pathogen fighters.
the result: This type of dual cellular and humoral response gives long-lasting immunity, similar to what most live attenuated vaccines achieve
Attenuated vaccines, though very effective, are capable of occasionally causing the illness they are meant to provide protection against.
after injected into a body
create a strong cellular response
build a potent humoral or antibody response
disadvantage
disrupt cellular processes and produce anti-DNA antibodies, resulting in too low a level of immunogenicity, means that they are not effective enough.
market research 
it was valued at nearly $244 million in 2013
expected to grow to $2.7 billion in 2019
Potential
new biotechnologies and nanotechnologies are helping to improve the vaccines
lead to the eradication of currently incurable
illnesses.