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Module 8: From the Universe to the Atom - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Experimental evidence supporting the existence and properties of the electron
        
        ACSPH026: Millikan's oil drop experiment
        
        Early experiments examining the nature of cathode ray: J.J. Thomson's cathode ray tubes' experiment showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.
        
        Thomson’s charge-to-mass experiment: Discovered that the charge-to-mass ratio is the same regardless of the metal used to make the cathode and the anode
        
        Experimental evidence supporting the nuclear model of the atom
        
        Geiger-Marsden experiment (Rutherford gold foil experiment): Discovered that every atom has a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated
        
        Rutherford’s atomic model
        
        ACSPH026: Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron: Proved the existence of neutrons
- - - - Radioactive decays: Alpha, Beta, Gamma radiation. Parent nucleus and daughter nucleus, Isotopes, radioisotopes.
        Half-life: Exam the model and make predictions about the radioactive decay activity.
        
        Decay series: When the daughter nucleus is still radioactive, it will undergo further decay.
        
        Carbon Dating:
        Use the proportion of carbon isotopes and beta decay to determine the age of fossils and ancient objects.
        
        Nuclear energy:
        nuclear fission ,
        
        nuclear fusion , controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions,
        energy released from nuclear reaction ,mass defect and binding energy.
        
        More applications:
        cancer therapy, rock dating,
        fossil dating, medical tracer, radiation therapy, smoke detectors.
- - - - Particle accelerators allow for the separating of atoms into their components. This allows for the properties of particles to be determined, which produces evidence for the Standard Model of Matter
      - Understanding still developing, the Higgs Boson
    - - Analysis of evidence suggests:
        
        protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles
        
        Existence of subatomic particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons
        
        Investigation of the standard model of matter:
        
        quarks, and the quark composition hadrons
        
        leptons
        
        fundamental forces
        
        Quarks, leptons, hadrons, and Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
        
        J.J. Thompson discovered first subatomic particle, the electron, in 1897, in the cathode ray experiment.
        
        Protons and neutrons have an internal structure and are not fundamental particles. Protons and neutrons consist of quarks which are fundamental particles, as they have no internal structure. Quarks were discovered by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig 1664.
        
        There are four fundamental forces, gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak. These forces influence how particles interact, for example leptons are not affected by strong force.
        
        Quarks are found in a collection of three or two quarks. Hadrons are particles made up of quarks the baryon and meson. Baryons are made up of three quarks, and mesons are built up of two quarks. There are six different types of quarks, being up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. A proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark.
- - - - ACSPH138: Investigating the process and locate supporting evidence that led to the Big Bang
    - - ACSPH031: Einstein's description of equivalence of energy and mass and relate this to the nuclear reactions that occur in stars
    - - ACSPH137: Production of emission and absorption spectra and comparison with a continuous black body spectrum
    - - Identification of key features stars
        
        Types of nucleosynthesis reactions
        
        Post-Main Sequence stars
        
        Main Sequence stars
        
        Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
- - - - assess the limitations of the Rutherford and Bohr atomic models
    - - ACSPH136: relate qualitatively and quantitatively the quantised energy levels of the hydrogen atom and the law of conservation of energy to the line emission spectrum of hydrogen using:
    - - ACSPH140: investigate de Broglie’s matter waves, and the experimental evidence that developed the following formula:
    - - analyse the contribution of Schrödinger to the current model of the atom