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fence gap, peer-review, r - Coggle Diagram

- - - - examine fidelity to a pre and post site where a purpose-built corssing structure existed
        measured number of individual animal crossing and number of species using the fence-gap before and after it removal.
  - - - 9 new species started to use ghost gap
        
        including the two species of rhinos which had shown interest before but were not able; gained acess to 8.29 km of boarder; used fence gap - high lvl of spatial awarness of their environment, even to level of the detaled knowldge of obstructions in their movement routes + buffalo + zebra
        
        purhaps b/c of fact the trails in use collect dung which provides odor cues of saftey of trails as mammals can small fear in other conspecifics; presumably avoding areas where fear has been experianced. the sence singal at fence-gaps will depned of wildlife stress levels which are parly determined by amount of predaotr activity in the area --> combo of high historical usage of wild life trails though fence gap + pred. do not hunt near fence gap in LBL may have created a safe scent trail for wildlife movement
        
        possible that wild life trails that passes thrugh the ghost gap has become a cftical connective link in the landscape for a wildlife and that wildlife will keep using this pinch-point until the saftey of travel through the location is compromised
        
        animals use dung to smell if trails are safe or not
      - possibly because path feidly can be beneflical during migration or when negatioting diff. terrain or risky habitat (13)
    - - used a non-parametric Chi[Square to test for difference in total wildlife usage of the fence gap over 19th month period pre and post
- - - - herds of buffalos gorwing in numbers on LBL may have been ifluencd by predation pressure and begun seeking alternative less risky habitats to forage ... scent order of safe trail though ghost gap
- - - - however detremntail it may be, in highly populated area it has become the perment solution to avoid conflict
        
        solution: fence gaps! - safe pathway for wildlife - meets goal of safe migration b/w conservation while also providing a cost effective solution the destruction of fence by large animals
- - - - dependent variable: where scars of old fence cap remanied
      - independent: numner of individual animals crossing and number of species which used it before and after
- - - - diffrencing in total femce gap usage was calculated using chi-sqaure and SPPS v.24
        
        14 species crossing frence gap - pre removal versus 22 species using ghost gap ( post removal) --- nine of the 22 species were new to using this fence gap
        
        number of species using ghost gap was significantlly lower, however so was the activity at the control site -- overall drop of elephant and girraff traffic
        
        however there was moire giraff traffic, pliains zebra at ghost gap vs control, henya traffic increased at control
        
        the drop in elepants using the ghost gap may have been due to a general decrease in traffic in the conservation area, however elephants which were seen using the "ghost-gap" and other wild lfie corssed adjacent to the rock wall avoding the inconvent terrin. but then they would reconnect to the main wild life trail on the otherside
        
        the intellenge of an elephant would have allowed them to better optimizw the route to a water whole yet they still used this previously establushed route--- path fidelity can be benefically to migration, risky habitat, or terrin
        
        giraffe, eland, lion, leopard, wild dog continued and increased movement thu ghost gap -- path fidelltiy
        
        of the major species crossing the pre fence gap to take note of after the removal of the fence gap elephant, waterbuck and spotted hyena indivdual crossing has decreased sign
        
        however, buffalo, plain zebra, eland and lion individual crossing had increased significanlly---- intrestingly rhinos corssed at the "gost-gap" when they were exclsed before.
        
        both species of rhinocerors who were curious about the fence gap before but unable to use it, started to use the gao -- pointed to a high lvl of spatial awarness in regards to movenment routes
        
        grecy's zebra, plain zebra and buffalo were able to use the gap before but only used it after fence removal.. . purhaps because of change in a predator dynamic forcing them to explore new routes ... may have been drawn to that route b/c dectected safe scent which had been previously developed by the prey-predator dynamic prmoting a "safe-odor" i.e (hormonal lvl in dung)
    - - buffalo and liion travel out of the lewa boarder more
        
        increase in buffalo as prey pref. for lions with jacobs index ---- ( -0.7 - -0.3
        zebra as pery for lions ( 0.3 to .04)
        
        shift in diet comes with new male lions arriving -- as well as the fact the buffalo pop has been increasing --- predidation pressure--- they may then have started using the ghost gap as it was a "safe-trail" historically
- - - - sings of usage on other sides of the gost gap are presnet, howver, it may be that this gap has become a critical connetive passage in the landscape ... until saftey it compromised
      - how do we increase habitat connecvity