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Immune System, Cells concentrated in certain areas, secrete cytokine…
Immune System
Nonspecific External Barriers (i.e. skin, secretions, mucous membranes): prevent pathogens from entering body.
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Mucous membranes secrete mucus that traps microbes entering nose/mouth and contains antibacterial proteins, and cilia that sweeps up mucus w/ microbes.
If microbes are swallowed, enter stomach and broken down by enzymes/acid, intestinal bacteria that destroy invaders, and fluids expel invaders.
Skin and protective secretions inhibit growth of bacteria/fungi, microbial ecosystems contain microbes that produce secretions that inhibit pathogens.
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Cells concentrated in certain areas, secrete cytokine proteins that allow communications between cells.
Lymph nodes: approx, 500 scattered along lymph vessels, contain masses of macrophages and lymphocytes lining narrow passages through which the lymph flows. Swollen lymph nodes contain leukocytes, bacteria, debris from dead cells, and fluid.
Spleen: located on left side of abdominal cavity between stomach and diaphragm, filters blood by exposing it to white blood cells that destroy microbes & aged red blood cells.
Thymus: located beneath breastbone above heart,
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Mucous membranes lining airways, digestive tract, & vagina
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