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Industrialisation 1928-40 - Coggle Diagram
Industrialisation 1928-40
5 year plans
First - 1928-33
successes
major growth in production - coal and iron production doubled and electricity production tripled
successful projects eg. Magnitogorsk, Dnieprostoi Dam
high targets led to massive increase in production, even though targets were not met, indicating success and showing that the planning worked to an extent
failures
targets were not met - they were unattainable - target was to increase production by 300% and electricity production by 600% - this wasn't achieved
consumers goods were neglected
much of the labour was forced and many labourers died eg. Volga-white sea canal - 126,000 labourers, 12,000 - 25,000 died during the process
focus
heavy industry - coal, iron, steel, oil and machinery production
major industrial projects eg. Magnitogorsk
aimed to increase production by 300% and electricity production by 600%
Second - 1933-37
focus
completing prestige projects
continue development of heavy industry
successes
"good three years" 1934-36 - Moscow Metro, Dnieprostroi dam and Volga canal opened
steel output trebled, coal output doubled
electrical and chemical production grew rapidly
by 1937, the Soviet union was virtually self-sufficient in metal good and machine tools
failures
oil production didn't meet targets
consumer goods were still neglected
Third - 1938-41
successes
strong growth in machinery and engineering
failures
many industries were short on raw materials
lack of competent managers, specialists and technicians after the purges
oil production didn't meet targets, causing a fuel crisis
focus
rearmament due to growing threat from Nazi Germany
completing transition to communism
working and living conditions
workers
7 day working week, 10-12 hour working days, strict measures against worker eg. your could be dismissed or evicted for being late for work, purges massively affected intellectuals and white collar workers
many people moved to industrial cities so many people were in cramped communal living with poor amenities, transport was overcrowded, shortage of food
training program allowed some workers to advance and do well, real wages increased during Second 5 yr plan (still lower than they had been in 1928), wage differentials re-introduced in 1931 which allowed some to thrive
women
women were largely in lower paying jobs eg. textiles and light industry, they were discriminated against and paid less
Zhenotdel (department devoted to women's affairs) was closed down in 1930, showing lack of care for women
by 1935, women made up 42% of all industrial workers - women found jobs in industry as well as education, healthcare etc. and were found to be invaluable workers
in 1936, the Party made more of an effort to enrol women in technical training programs, enabling women to get into higher paying jobs, although on average, women still earned 40% less than men
managers
in charge of ensuring targets were met - as they were often unattainable, it became common to falsify statistics
managers received a 40% bonus if target was exceeded but if it was not met, could be put on trial and even executed
industrial centres and projects
Magnitogorsk
Volga-White Sea Canal
Moscow Metro
Dnieprostroi Dam
Kuznetsk Basin
details on slideshow
Turksib
Stalingrad and Kharkiv tractor works
Stakhanovites
emerged based on Alexsei Stakhanov - coal miner who mined 14 times the amount of coal that was expected in a single shift
he was held as an example of determination and created a massive propaganda opportunity to increase productivity across the Soviet Union
named a Soviet hero, given awards, competitions held to try and emulate Stakhanov's success
involvement of foreign companies
Canada - Dnieprostroi Dam was based on hydro-electric dams in Canada and had American engineers working on it
Britain - British engineers were key in the building of the Moscow metro
America - Henry Ford advised on the car industry and training engineers
Gosplan
state planning agency given responsibility for drawing up 5 year plans and establishing targets
targets were way too high and often unattainable
this could be argued to be bad planning
used to motivate workers to work hard and put in more effort - failure to achieve target was a criminal offence so workers and factory oweners put in the most to achieve the aims
often had to work from falsified statistics as factory managers would lie to show that they had achieved their target
further evidence that their planning/organisation was poor
general aims of the 5 year plans
to rapidly upgrade industry to catch up with the rest of the world