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co-ordination and response - Coggle Diagram
co-ordination and response
process of coordination
stimuli
detected by
receptors
endocrine system
effectors
carry out
responses
the way an organism reacts after detecting a stimuli
hormones
nervous system
electrical impulses
any change in the external or internal environment of the body
sensitivity
the ability to detect stimuli and carry out responses
nervous control in humans
CNS
central nervous system
integration and command centre
brain and spinal cord
PNS
peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves and all other body parts
automatic
internal organs and glands
somatic nervous system
sense organs and voluntary muscles
brain
control centre of all body activities
responds and adapts to changes that occur both inside and outside the body
basic function of the nervous system
motor neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
relay neurons are confined the the CNS
sensory neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
actions of the body
voluntary
involves skeletal muscles
involuntary
involves skeletal muscles
involves smooth muscle, cardiac muscles or glands
any action which occurs without our conscious choice or will
reflex action
also an involuntary action which is nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. it is automatic and are the result of messages sent to and by the spinal cord
nerves
nerves from a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body. they transfer messages to and from the brain so that it can function efficiently
dendrites collect electrical signals
cell body integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon
axon passes signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effect cell
signals only travel in one direction
synapse
a synapse is a junction between two neurones across which electrical signals pass.
the human body contains up to 500 trillion synapses
when a nerve impulse arrives at the end of one neurone it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles
the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the next neurone, triggering another impulse
STRBR - synaptic transmission
Synthesis
making neurotransmitter from chemicals
Transport
vesicles travel down to axon terminal
release
an impulse triggers release of neurotransmitters into synaptic gap
binding
neurotransmitters duffuse across and bind with receptors causing impulse to continue
removal
reuptake and breakdown of neurotransmitters
neurological disorders and diseases
Alzheimer's disease
progressive, degenerative disease of the brain
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degeneration of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
epilepsy and seizures
occurs as a result of bursts of electrical signals that disrupt normal brain function
multiple sclerosis
chronic disease of CNS and myelin is produced
Parkinson's disease
progressive and degenerative motor system disorder
stroke
brain cells die because of an inadequate blood flow
sense organs
eye
light
sight
organ
stimulus
sensation
ear
sound / moving
hearing and movement of the body, balance
tongue
chemicals in food
taste
nose
chemicals in air
smell
skin
touch, pain , temp etc
texture, pain etc
plants need hormones to coordinate and control growth
examples of plant hormones
phototropism
response to light
causes stems to grow towards the light
geotropism
response to gravity
causes roots to grow downwards
auxin
most plants show positive phototropism
the plant is exposed to light on one side
auxin moves to to the shaded side of the root
auxin stimulates more growth so the shoot bends towards the light
the plant then receives more light, meaning photosynthesis can occur at a faster rate
most shoots how negative geotropism
when a shoot is horizontal, auxin moves to the lower side
the cells grow more on the lower side so more cells grow here
this means the shoots bend and grow away from the ground
this is beneficial as light levels are likely to be further from the ground
most roots show positive geotropism
if a root is horizontal, auxin moves to the lower side
the cells of the root grow more on the side with less auxin, so it stimulates cells to grow on the upper side
this makes the root bend and grow downwards
this is beneficial as there are more likely to be increased levels of water and nutrients lower down, and provides stability for the plant